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Bakınız: Abram, Avram , İbrahim, İbrahim Aleyhisselam |
- For other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation).
Abraham Full Movie
ABRAHAM Look unto the rock whence ye are hewn.... Unto Abraham.. and Sarah' (Isaiah 31, 1-2)İBRAHİM Yorulduğunuz Kayaya (Kayıya) bakın... İbrahim'e.. ve Sara'ya bakın' (Yeşaya 31, 1-2)
İbrahim -Ibrâhîm
Abraham -
Brahman
Apram ilk kullanılışı إِبْرَاهِيمَ Ibram İbrâm İpram
إِبْرَاهِيمُ-
إبراهيم
Hz.İbrahim/Gerçek mi?
Hz İbrahim/Tevrat
İbrahim soyu
Al-i İbrahim
Âl-i İbrahim
Âl-i Ibrahim
ال ابراهيم
Hz İbrahim/Torunları
Seyyidler
Kohenler
Kohler
Kaplan
Kaji
Kayı
Kai
Qai
Centil
Centile
جنتايل
Hz İbrahim/Karıları
Sara. Sera
İshak. İsmail
Hager . Hacer
İsmail . Kureyş Kuruş
Hz. İbrahim/Neden karılarını uzak diyarlara bırakmıştır
Kapının eşiğini değiştir!
Kapının eşiğini sağlam tut! No Christian even knew the words "Islam" or "Muslim", which only entered the English language in the 17th Century. Instead they spoke of "Saracens", a name considered in medieval times to have been taken from one of Abraham's offspring (with the servant Hagar) who was believed to have founded the original twelve Arab tribes. Christians simply could not accept that Islam was a coherent religious belief. Instead they dismissed it as a pagan polytheism or a heretical deformation of Christianity. Much Muslim theology discouraged /cesaret edemedi) travel into Christian lands, or the "House of War (Dar-ul harp)", which was regarded as a perpetual adversary (ebedi düşman) of the "House of Islam" (dar-ul islam). But with Elizabeth's accession this situation began to change. In 1562 Elizabeth's merchants reached the Persian Shah Tahmasp's court where they learned about the theological distinctions between Sunni and Shi'a beliefs, and returned to London to present the queen with a young Muslim Tatar slave girl they named Aura Soltana. She became the queen's "dear and well beloved" servant who wore dresses made of Granada silk and introduced Elizabeth to the fashion of wearing Spanish leather shoes.
Sarah Sare İshak Ays
Katura Kantura dan Brahmanlar oluyor. 6 oğlan 6 ok.
İbrahim suresi İbrahim Suresi İbrahim Suresi/1-6
Kur'an'da İbrahim kelimesini içeren ayetler 2/124 2/125 2/126 2/127 2/130 2/132 2/133 2/135 2/136 2/140 2/258 2/260 3/33 3/65 3/67 3/68 3/84 3/95 3/97 4/54 4/125 4/163 6/74 6/75 6/83 6/161 9/70 9/114 11/69 11/74 11/75 11/76 12/6 12/38 14/35 15/51 16/120 16/123 19/41 19/46 19/58 21/51 21/60 21/62 21/69 22/26 22/43 22/78 26/69 29/16 29/31 33/7 37/83 37/104 37/109 38/45 42/13 43/26 51/24 53/37 57/26 60/4 87/19
Hz. İbrahim'in çocuklarına duası Allah'a duasında "Zürriyetimden de" deyince Allah ahdime zalimler nail olamaz, buyuruyor. Yani zalimler neslinden olabilecek. Hz. Peygamberin Amcası gibi.
İbrahimi gen
Hz. İbrahim'in soyu
Şablon:İbrahimin oğulları
İsmail İshak İsaac عيسو [1]
Ays ve Yakub
Jacob and Esau
Iys İys Aysu
Ays bin İshak İshak bin Ays
Türk kavmine gönderilen peygamberler
Nuh Nebiden Süleyman Şaha silsilename
Yörük-türkmenlerin soy kütüğü
Millet-i İbrahim
Evliya Çelebi ve Osmanlıların soyu
R1a
Ur Urfa
Urumiye
Urumçi Urumeli
Urumluk<n> Urumcuk
Osmanlılar Hz İbrahim soyundandır Neşrî, Osmanlıların ataları hakkında bir başka şecereyi de görmüş olmalıdır. Nitekim, Osmanlıların soy kütüğü hakkında bilgi veren farklı bir türün varlığından bizleri haberdar eder. Buna göre Oğuz Han'ın ataları Iys, İshak ve İbrahimdir. Köken olarak Nuh'un Sam adlı oğluna dayanır. Neşrî, bu tezi kabul etmemesine rağmen, Osmanlıların soy kütüğü hakkında bilgi veren ve "Tevârîh-i Acem"den etkilenen farklı bir türün olduğu anlaşılıyor.[18] 5/20 - 5/21 Enbiya ve mülük verdik.
Kağan - Kohen [18] Mehmed Neşrî, a.g.e., s.57. , [2]
A reader name Graeme wrote to provide more detailed information on the genetics of this blond source in Mediterranean populations:
"Blond hair, blue eyes are just variants of the normal color scheme that developed in Asia only 8 to 10 thousand years ago, and most likely brought into Europe with some of the Asiatic Indo-European speakers around 5 or 6 thousand years ago. The men of those Asiatic tribes who had a higher percentage of blonds were carriers of Y chromosome haplogroup R1a as distinct from R1b whose men and their associated women were as dark as most Eurasians were 6 thousand years ago. The only difference between the R1b and R1a is that the darker R1bs have mutations in their MCR1 genes which give red hair, hence the reason that red hair in Europeans is mainly found in the western corner of Europe.
Neşrî, bu anlatımını daha da ileri götürüp Oğuz'un İbrahim peygambere iman ettiğini yazar. Böylece Hz. Muhammed ile Oğuz arasında dolaylı bir yakınlık kurar. Oğuz Han'ın müvahhid kimliği ve tek tanrılı bir dine mensup olması, Türklerin İslâmî kimliğine de bir göndermedir. Ancak, asıl önemli olan, onun tevhid bayrağını şarkdan garbe dalgalandırmasıdır. Osmanlılar da, tıpkı ataları Oğuz Kağan gibi bu tevhid anlayışının temsilcisidirler. Osmanlıların, 15. yüzyılda Oğuz geleneğine kazandırdıkları yeni çehre, onlara hükümdarlık hakkı veren siyasî bir söylem olmasının yanında, muhakkak ki dinî içeriklere de sahipti. Ancak Yafes ile Oğuz Kağan arasındaki ataları hakkında fazla bilgi bulunmayan Osmanlıların, bu puslu dönemdeki atalarının bir kısmı puta tapan kimseler olarak anılırlar. Ancak Oğuz Kağandan sonradır ki, Osmanlıların ataları tevhid inancını bayraklaştırmış ve İbrahim'den itibaren peygamberlerin hizmetinde yer almışlardır. Bayatî'nin, Osmanlıların atalarını peygamberlerin hizmetinde yer almış kimseler olarak sunması ile bu görüş arasında benzerlik bulunur.[27] Ancak hemen belirtilmelidir ki, Osmanlıların atalarına yer veren soy kütüklerini salt dinî içerikli bir malzeme olarak kabul etmek yanlıştır. Dinî muhtevalı olmasına karşın bu soy kütükleri, siyasal içerikli ve yapay idi. Birçok versiyonu bulunan şecereler, yazılı ve sözlü geleneğin malzemeleri ile oluşturulmuştur. Osmanlıların tarihî bilgiler ile efsaneyi karıştırarak yapma bir soyağacı elde ettikleri görülmektedir. Osmanlılar, sıralanan bir çok ata ile doğrudan Oğuz Han'a bağlanırlar. Üstelik dip ata olarak Yafes ve Sam ismini veren iki farklı gelenekte Oğuz ismi ortaktır. Bu yapay soyağaçları sayesinde Osmanlılar, soyları Oğuz Han'a daha dolaylı bir şekilde dayalı olarak tarif edilen komşu Türk hanedanları karşısında üstünlüklerini kanıtlamış ve Oğuz destanlarına aşina Türk tebaaya hükmetmesini meşru kılan bir araç elde etmişlerdir. Oğuz geleneğini yansıtan bu yapma şecereler uzun süre varlığını devam ettirmişse de, Osmanlıların İslâm dünyasındaki rollerinin artmasına ve tartışılmaz üstünlüklerine paralel olarak, soyağacına dayalı meşruiyet araçlarının yerini İslâmî referanslar almıştır. Tabii bunu yanaı genetik biliminin yalanladığı ve yapma değil aslında gerçek şecere olduğunu isbat etti.
1. Yafes Meselesi Semavî dinlerde, insanlığın ikinci atası olarak Nuh peygamberin adı geçer. Buna göre Tanrının tufan ile inançsızları cezalandırması sonucu, yeryüzünde yalnız Nuh ve ona inananlar kalmıştır. Kutsal kitaplarda Nuh'un oğulları Sâm, Hâm ve Yafes insanoğlunun ataları olarak sivrilmişlerdir. Yeryüzündeki ırkların Nuh'un oğullarından türediği fikri hâkimdir ve ırklar bu üç isim etrafında tasnif edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Tevrat'ta Nuh'un bu üç oğlundan türeyen ırklar ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmıştır.[22] Buna göre, Yafes'ten beyaz ırk, Sam'dan Araplar ve İbraniler dahil olmak üzere Sami ırkı ve Ham'dan Kuzey Afrikalılar türemiştir. Bu bilgiler, diğer semavî dinlerde de etkili olmuştur. Türklerin Yafes soyuna dayandığına dair Tevrat'ta yer alan semit jenealojisi, Türk düşünce hayatında da yer edinmiştir. Nuh'un oğullarına dayanan şecereler sayesinde, ırklar arasında kalıtımla geçen derece farkları ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu derecelendirme en üstün ırk ve toplum anlayışını meşru kılmayı amaçlamıştır. Nuh soyu için, ırk saflığını korumak gibi adetlerin varlığına çeşitli kaynaklarda rastlanmaktadır. Bu, hem Yafes kökenden gelen Ariler için, hem de Sami bir kökenden gelen İbraniler için geçerlidir. Buna karşın Ham neslinden gelenler, babaları Nuh'un lanetine uğradıkları için kıyamete kadar Yafes ve Sam soyuna hizmet etmeye mahkum olmuşlardır. Irkların saflığını ve üstünlüğünü korumak gerektiği fikri çeşitli yapılanmaları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Musevilerin ırkları dışında evlilik yapmaları yasak olduğu gibi, Ariler de benzer uygulamaları Hindistan'da yürütmüşler ve kast sistemini oluşmuşlardır. Kast sisteminin en üstünde Ari soyundan Brahmanler yer almıştır. Onların diğer kastlarla evlenmeleri bir yasaklanmıştır. Bu adetler, kavimlerin varlıklarını koruma güdülerini anlatır. Göçebe toplumların sıraladığı soy cetvelleri, üstün ırk anlayışından ziyade aşiret üyelerini bir arada tutmaya yöneliktir. Bu sayede, aralarında kan bağı bulunan topluluğun bütün fertleri arasında dayanışma duygusu güçlendirilmek istenir. Bulanık soy ağaçlarında ilk ataların berraklığı, ortak atalara yapılan özel vurgu ve ortak tarihî geçmişe yapılan göndermeler, aşiretler arası yakınlaşmayı tesis etmiştir. Kandaş aşiretler arasında ortak atalar, birlikteliği sağlayan önemli unsurlardır. Yafes'in Türklerin atası olduğu hakkında ilk Osmanlı kroniklerinde ve soy kütüklerinde yer alan bilgiler, çeşitli aşiretlerden meydana gelen konferatif yapının ilk eklemini teşkil etmiştir. Bunun yanında,
İslâmî kaynaklarda Rum'un, Yafes'in oğulları arasında zikredildiği görülür.
Bu söylem, Osmanlıların Anadolu ve Rumeli'de yayılmasını meşru gösteren olaylar ile birlikte mütalaa edilebilir. Nitekim Osmanlıların İslâm dünyasında üstünlüklerini iddia ettikleri döneme rastlayan eserlerde, onların İbrahim oğlu İshak nesline mensup olduklarına dair şecereler uydurulmuştur.??? Osmanlı hanedanının, Nuh'un oğlu Sam'a kadar uzatılan bu soykütükleri aracılığıyla Hz. Muhammed neslinden geldiği iddia edilir. Osmanlıların, İslâm dünyasında üstünlüklerini iddia ettikleri dönemlerde bu söylemin bir siyasî araç olarak kullanıldığı anlaşılır.
Neşrî, Osmanlıların ve Kayının kökeni sayılan Oğuz'un, Sam neslinden gösterilmesini yanlış bir düşünce olarak değerlendirir. Ona göre bu düşüne Acem'in "taassubât-ı şenî‘asından" kaynaklanmaktadır.[23] Bu görüş daha sonra İdris-i Bitlisî tarafından da değerlendirilmiştir. Bitlisî ekolünü takip eden tarihçiler, Osmanlıların Sâm neslinden olduğunu iddia etmişlerdir.
Mersin Katolik kilisesi papazı Roberto Ferrari, Abraham ismi ışık anlamına gelir demişti. ABRAHAM (אַבְרָהָם): Hebrew name meaning "father of a multitude." In the bible, this is the name of the founding patriarch of the Israelites. Also spelled Avraham.
ABRAM (אַבְרָם): Hebrew name meaning "father of elevation." In the bible, this is Abraham's name before God changed it. Also spelled Avram. Compare with another form of Abram.
AARON: English form of Greek Aarōn (Hebrew Aharon), meaning "light-bringer." In the bible, this is the name of the older brother of Moses.
Şablon:İbrahim
Öteki Gündem - Pelin Çift - Hz. İbrahim'in hayatı ve yaşadıkları - 13 02 13 - Part.3
Abraham - the births of Ismael and Isaac
Abraham - the births of Ismael and Isaac
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An angel prevents the sacrifice of Isaac. Abraham and Isaac, Rembrandt, 1634
Abraham (originally known as Abram) (Hebrew: אַבְרָהָם, Modern Avraham Tiberian ʼAḇrāhām, Persian: پرهام, Arapça: إبراهيم, Ibrāhīm, ʼAbrəham, Greek: Aβραάμ) is the founding patriarch of the Israelites, Ishmaelites, Edomites, and the Midianites and kindred peoples, according to the book of Genesis.
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are sometimes referred to as the "Abrahamic religions" because of the progenitor role that Abraham plays in their holy books. In both the Jewish tradition and the Qur'an, he is referred to as "our Father".[1] Jews, Christians, and Muslims consider him father of the people of Israel. For Jews and Christians this is through his son Isaac,[2] by his wife Sarah; for Muslims, he is a prophet of Islam and the ancestor of Muhammad through his first son Ishmael, born to him by Sarah's handmaiden, Hagar.
According to the Bible, Abraham was the tenth generation from Noah and the twentieth from Adam.[3] He was originally named Abram, and his father's name was Terah; he had two brothers, Nahor and Haran, his wife was Sarah, and he was the uncle of Lot. He was sent by God from his home in Ur of the Chaldees to take possession of the land of Canaan. In Canaan, Abraham entered into a covenant with God: in exchange for recognition of Yahweh as his God, Abraham would be blessed with innumerable progeny and the land would belong to his descendants. God's promise to Abraham that through his offspring all the nations of the world would come to be blessed is interpreted in the Christian tradition as a reference particularly to Jesus Christ and his message of salvation for all men.
Name[]
Abraham's name first appears as Abram (Hebrew: אַבְרָם, Modern Avram Tiberian ʾAḇrām), meaning either "exalted father" or "my father is exalted" (compare Abiram). Later in Genesis God renamed him Abraham; the text glosses this as av hamon (goyim), "father of many (nations)",[4] but it does not have any literal meaning in Hebrew.[5] Many modern interpretations based on textual and linguistic explanations have been offered, including an analysis of a first element abr- "chief", but this yields a meaningless second element. Johann Friedrich Karl Keil suggests there was once a word raham (רָהָם) in Hebrew, meaning "multitude", on analogy with the word ruhâm which has this meaning in Arabic, but no evidence that this word existed has been found;[6] and David Rohl suggests the name comes from Akkadian "the father loves."[7]
Genesis narrative[]
The story of his life is found in Genesis, from chapter 11:26 to 25:10.
Birth and call[]
Abraham's Departure, by József Molnár
Terah, the tenth in descent from Noah, fathered Abram, Nahor and Haran, and Haran fathered Lot. Haran died in his native Ur of the Chaldees (which is perhaps Ur), and Abram married Sarai, who was barren. Terah, with Nahor, Abram, Sarai and Lot, then departed for Canaan, but settled in a place named Haran (which may be Harran), where Terah died at the age of 205.[8] There God spoke to Abram, telling him to leave the land of his birth, his father's house, and his kindred and go "to the land that I will show you", where Abram would become a great nation and the vehicle for the blessing of all mankind. So Abram left Haran with Sarai, Lot, and all their followers and flocks and traveled to Canaan, where, at Shechem, God gave the land to him and his descendants. There Abram built an altar and continued to travel towards the south.[9]
Pharaoh and Abimelech[]
On two separate occasions, Abram/Abraham travels west, where he asks his wife to say that she is his sister, because he fears he would otherwise be killed because of her beauty. On each occasion, the ruler in question, first Pharaoh and later Abimelech, is attracted to Sarai/Sarah and attempts to marry her. On both occasions God and the ruler send Abraham away with great wealth.[10][11]
Mamre[]
Following the period spent in Egypt, Abram, Sarai, and his nephew Lot returned to the Bethel-Ai area in Canaan. There they dwelt for some time, their herds increasing, until strife arose between the herdsmen. Abram thereupon proposed to Lot that they should separate, allowing Lot the first choice. Lot took the fertile land lying east of the Jordan River and near to Sodom and Gomorrah, while Abram lived in Canaan, moving south to the oaks of Mamre in Hebron, where he built an altar.[12]
After this, an invading force from Mesopotamia, led by Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, attacked and subdued the Cities of the Plain, forcing them to pay tribute. After twelve years, these cities rebelled. The following year Chedorlaomer and his allies returned, defeating the rebels and taking many captive, including Lot. Abram assembled his men and chased after the invaders, defeating them north of Damascus, Syria. Upon his return he is met by the king of Salem (Jerusalem), Melchizedek, who blesses him. The king of Sodom offers Abram the rescued goods as reward, but Abram refuses, so that the king of Sodom cannot say "I have made Abram rich".[13]
God again promises Abram a multitude of descendants during an episode in which Abram sacrifices to God, who also reveals to Abram the future enslavement of the Israelites in Egypt, as well as their escape.[14] During this period, Sarai, being barren, offers her handmaiden, Hagar, to Abram. Hagar soon conceives, and as a result begins to see herself as superior to Sarai. Sarai complains to Abram, who gives Sarai carte blanche. After Sarai treats Hagar harshly, Hagar flees. When in the desert, God appears to Hagar, telling her to return, but promising that her son shall also be the father of a "multitude". Her son is called Ishmael.[15]
Three angels visiting Abraham
When Abram is ninety-nine, God again appears to him and affirms his promise. A covenant is entered into: Sarai will give birth to a son who will be called Isaac, and Abram's house must thenceforth be circumcised. It is promised that Isaac will father twelve princes, who will become a great nation. Abram's name is changed to Abraham and Sarai's to Sarah.[16]
Soon after, the sins of Sodom and Gomorrah bring three angels, or God and two angels, down to investigate. Abraham pleads with God to spare the city if first fifty, then forty-five, then forty, then thirty, then twenty, and finally ten righteous men are found in the city. In each case God agrees that the city would be spared. The angels enter the city, where they meet Lot, who offers them hospitality. Soon a crowd gathers around Lot's house, demanding the two angels that they may "know" them: traditionally interpreted as a desire to have sex with them. Lot pleads with the men and offers his daughters instead, but the men of the city press forward until the angels smite them with blindness. In the morning Lot is told to flee and not to look back as the cities are destroyed. However, his wife disobeys and is turned into a pillar of salt.[17]
After this, Abraham and Sarah live in Philistine Gerar, where king Abimelech, having been told that Sarah is Abraham's sister, not his wife, takes her. After warnings from God and returning her, Abimelech enters into a treaty with Abraham.[11][18]
Covenants[]
A recurring feature of the story of Abraham are the covenants between him and God, which are reiterated and reaffirmed several times. When Abram is told to leave Ur Kaśdim, God promises "I will make of thee a great nation".[19] After parting from Lot, God reappears and promises "All the land that you can see" to Abraham and that his seed would be "like the dust of the earth" in number.[20] Following the battle of the Vale of Siddim, God appears and reaffirms the promise, while prophesying that "your descendants will be strangers in a country not their own, and they will be enslaved and mistreated four hundred years." Abram makes a sacrifice and enters into a covenant, with God declaring: "To your descendants I give this land, from the river of Egypt to the great river, the Euphrates, the land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaites, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites and Jebusites."[14]
When Abram was ninety-nine years old, God again appeared to him to reaffirm the covenant and changed his name to Abraham. Abraham is instructed, for his part, to circumcise all males of his house.[16]
Binding of Isaac[]
Some time after the birth of Isaac, Abraham was commanded by God to offer his son up as a sacrifice in the land of Moriah. The patriarch traveled three days until he came to the mount that God taught him. He commanded the servant to remain while he and Isaac proceeded alone to the mountain, Isaac carrying the wood upon which he would be sacrificed. Along the way, Isaac repeatedly asked Abraham where the animal for the burnt offering was. Abraham then replied that God would provide one. Just as Abraham was about to sacrifice his son, he was prevented by an angel, and given on that spot a ram which he sacrificed in place of his son. As a reward for his obedience he received another promise of numerous descendants and abundant prosperity. After this event, Abraham did not return to Hebron, Sarah's encampment, but instead went to Beersheba, Keturah's encampment, and it is to Beersheba that Abraham's servant brought Rebecca, Isaac's patrilineal parallel cousin who became his wife.[21]
Later years[]
Jews praying in front of the Tomb of Abraham on the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron
Sarah is said to have died at the age of 127, and Abraham buried her in the Cave of the Patriarchs (also called the Cave of Machpelah), near Hebron which he had purchased, along with the adjoining field, from Ephron the Hittite.
After the death of Sarah, he took another wife, or concubine, named Keturah, who bore Abraham six sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.[22]
Abraham is said to have died at the age of 175 years. Jewish legend says that he was meant to live to 180 years, but God purposely took his life because he felt that Abraham did not need to go through the pain of seeing Esau's wicked deeds.[citation needed] The Bible says he was buried by his sons Isaac and Ishmael in the Cave of the Patriarchs.[23]
| Sons of Abraham by wife in order of birth | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hagar | Ishmael (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sarah | Isaac (2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Keturah | Zimran | Jokshan | Medan | Midian | Ishbak | Shuah | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Significance[]
Abraham is held as a founding father in the Jewish, Christian, and Islamic religions. Genesis states that the nation of Israel descended from him through his second son, Isaac. Many Arab nations are said to have descended from him through his first son, Ishmael, and Muslims believe that the prophet Muhammad is his direct descendant.
In Judaism[]
| Dosya:Wiki letter w cropped.svg | This section requires expansion. |
Abraham is known as the first Hebrew and the father of the Jewish people. As a reward for his act of faith in one God, he was promised that Isaac, his second son, would inherit the Land of Israel (then called Canaan).
In Christianity[]
Abraham Sacrificing Isaac, by Laurent de La Hire, 1650 (Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Orléans)
In the New Testament Abraham is mentioned prominently as a man of faith (see e.g. Hebrews 11), and the apostle Paul uses him as an example of salvation by faith, as the progenitor of the Christ (or Messiah) (see Galatians 3:16).
The New Testament also sees Abraham as an obedient man of God, and Abraham's interrupted attempt to offer up Isaac is seen as the supreme act of perfect faith in God. "By faith Abraham, when he was tested, offered up Isaac, and he who had received the promises offered up his only begotten son, of whom it was said, 'In Isaac your seed shall be called', concluding that God was able to raise him up, even from the dead, from which he also received him in a figurative sense." (Hebrews 11:17-19) The imagery of a father sacrificing his son is seen as a type of God the Father offering his Son on Golgatha.
The traditional view in Christianity is that the chief promise made to Abraham in Genesis 12 is that through Abraham's seed all the people of earth would be blessed. Notwithstanding this, John the Baptist specifically taught that merely being of Abraham's seed was no guarantee of salvation.[24] The promise in Genesis is considered to have been fulfilled through Abraham's seed, Jesus. It is also a consequence of this promise that Christianity is open to people of all races and not limited to Jews.
The Roman Catholic Church calls Abraham "our father in Faith", in the Eucharistic prayer of the Roman Canon, recited during the Mass (see Abraham in the Catholic liturgy). He is also commemorated in the calendars of saints of several denominations: on August 20 by the Maronite Church, August 28 in the Coptic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East (with the full office for the latter), and on October 9 by the Roman Catholic Church and the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod. He is also regarded as the patron saint of those in the hospitality industry.[25]
The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates him as the "Righteous Forefather Abraham", with two feast days in its liturgical calendar. The first time is on October 9 (for those churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar, October 9 falls on October 22 of the modern Gregorian Calendar), where he is commemorated together with his nephew "Righteous Lot". The other is on the "Sunday of the Forefathers" (two Sundays before Christmas), when he is commemorated together with other ancestors of Jesus. Abraham is also mentioned in the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great, just before the Anaphora. Abraham and Sarah are invoked in the prayers said by the priest over a newly married couple at the Sacred Mystery of Crowning (i.e., the Sacrament of Marriage).
In Islam[]
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Fresco with image of Ibrahim about to sacrifice his son, in Shiraz
Abraham, known as Ibrahim in Arabic, is very important in Islam, both in his own right as a prophet and as the father of Ishmael and Isaac. Ishmael, his firstborn son, is considered the father of some of the Arabs—specifically Father of the Arabised Arabs, peoples who became Arab—and Isaac is considered the Father of the Hebrews. Abraham is mentioned in many passages in 25 of the 114 suras (chapters) of the Qur'an, more than any other individual with the exception of Moses, according to the Encyclopedia of Islam.[26]
Abraham, commonly termed Khalil Ullah, "Friend of God" by Muslims, is revered as one of the Prophets in Islam, and the person who gave Muslims their name of Muslims ("those who submit to God"). He is considered a Hanif, that is, a discoverer of monotheism.[27]
According to tradition, Abraham's footprint is displayed outside the Kaaba, which is on a stone, protected and guarded by Saudi Arabian Mutawa (Religious Police). The annual Hajj, the fifth pillar of Islam, follows Abraham's, Hagar's, and Ishmael's journey to the sacred place of the Kaaba. Islamic tradition narrates that Abraham's subsequent visits to the Northern Arabian region, after leaving Ishmael and Hagar (in the area that would later become the Islamic holy city of Mecca), were not only to visit Ishmael but also to construct the first house of worship for God, the Kaaba—as per God's command.[28]
The ceremony of Eid ul-Adha, most important festival in Islam, focuses on Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his promised son Ishmael on God's command, as a test of Abraham's faith. God spared his son's life and substituted a fit sheep from heavens for his son. On Eid ul-Adha, Muslims sacrifice a domestic animal—a sheep, goat—as a symbol of Abraham's sacrifice, and divide the meat among the the family members, friends, relatives, and most importantly, the poor.
There are views stating that Qur’an does not specify whether it was Ishmael or Isaac whom Abraham was ordered to sacrifice. Muslims believe that it was Ishmael based on certain references from the Quran and several hadiths.[29][30][31][32]
In Baha'i[]
Bahá'u'lláh, the founder, affirms the highest religious station for Abraham and generally for prophets mentioned among the other Arbahamic religions,[33] and has claimed a lineage of decent from Abraham through Keturah and Sarah.[34][35][36] Additionally Bahá'u'lláh actually did lose a son, Mírzá Mihdí.[37] Bahá’u’lláh, then in prison, eulogized his son and connected the subsequent easing of restrictions to his dying prayer and also compared it to the intended sacrifice of Abraham’s son.[38]
Abraham and the biblical chronology[]
The standard Masoretic Hebrew text of the Bible places Abraham's birth 1,948 years after the Creation, or 1948 AM (Anno Mundi, "Year of the World"). The two other major textual traditions have different dates, the Greek Septuagint putting it at 3312 AM and the Samaritan version of Genesis at 2247 AM. All three agree that he died at the age of 175.[39] There have been over two hundred attempts to match the biblical chronology to dates in history, two of the more influential being the traditional Jewish dates (Abraham lived 1812 BCE to 1637 BCE), and those of the 17th century Archbishop James Ussher (1976 BCE to 1801 BCE); but the most that can be said with some degree of certainty is that the standard Hebrew text of Genesis places Abraham in the earlier part of the second millennium BCE.[40]
Composition and origins[]
Joseph Blenkinsopp, Emeritus Professor of Biblical Studies at the University of Notre Dame, notes that the past four of five decades have seen a growing consensus that the Genesis narrative of Abraham originated from literary circles of the 6th and 5th centuries BCE as a mirror of the situation facing the Jewish community under the Babylonian and early Persian empires.[41] Blenkinsopp describes two conclusions about Abraham that are widely held in biblical scholarship: the first is that, except in the triad "Abraham, Isaac and Jacob," he is not clearly and unambiguously attested in the bible earlier than the Babylonian exile (he does not, for example, appear in prophetic texts earlier than that time); the second is that he became, in the Persian period, a model for those who would return from Babylon to Judah.[42] Beyond this the Abraham story (and those of Isaac and Jacob/Israel) served a theological purpose following the destruction of Jerusalem, the Temple and the Davidic kingship: despite the loss of these things, Yahweh's dealings with the ancestors provided a historical foundation on which hope for the future could be built.[43]
The actual origin of the Abraham tradition is still unclear: it has been suggested that he may be the eponymous ancestor of the "Raham" tribe mentioned in a 13th century Egyptian inscription from Beth Shean; but it has been pointed out that Beth Shean is a northern centre, while Abraham is associated with the south, and that in any case the Egyptian mention is separated by some five centuries from the earliest biblical mention of Abraham.[citation needed] Attempts to link the name to a specific period have resulted in no more than a general agreement that the name is clearly West Semitic, of a type in use from the early 2nd millennium through to the close of the 1st.
See also[]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Abraham |
- Abraham in History and Tradition
- Bosom of Abraham
- Gathering of Israel
- Genealogies of Genesis
- Islamic view of Abraham
- Jewish Kabbalah
- List of founders of major religions
- The Pearl of Great Price, Book of Abraham
- Abraham's Gate at Tel Dan
- Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions
Notes[]
- ↑ Avraham Avinu in Hebrew, or abeena Ibraheem in Arabic (per 22:78 http://www.ahadees.com/arabic-surah-22-78.html).
- ↑ Exodus 6:3, Exodus 32:13
- ↑ Genesis 5:4-29 Genesis 7:13 Genesis 11:10-26
- ↑ Genesis 17:5
- ↑ "JewishEncyclopedia.com". JewishEncyclopedia.com. http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=360&letter=A&search=Abraham#891. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ↑ K.F. Keil (1869), Biblical commentary on the Old Testament., vol. 1, p. 224
- ↑ David Rohl, The Lost Testament (2002), ISBN 0712669930
- ↑ Genesis 11:27-11:31
- ↑ Genesis 12:1-9
- ↑ Genesis 12:9-20
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Genesis 20
- ↑ Genesis 13
- ↑ Genesis 14
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Genesis 15
- ↑ Genesis 16
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 Genesis 17
- ↑ Genesis 18-19
- ↑ Genesis 21:22-34
- ↑ Genesis 12:1-7
- ↑ Genesis 13:14-17
- ↑ Genesis 22
- ↑ Genesis 25:1-6
- ↑ Genesis 25:9 and Genesis 23:19
- ↑ Matthew 3:1-9
- ↑ *Holweck, F. G., A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints. St. Louis, MO: B. Herder Book Co. 1924.
- ↑ Ibrahim, Encyclopedia of Islam
- ↑ {{{başlık}}}.
- ↑ "USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts". Usc.edu. http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/055.sbt.html#004.055.584. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ↑ Ama Akhbaar (American Muslim Association Newsletter) 16 (2008) (p# needed).
- ↑ "Was Isaac or Ishmael to be sacrificed?" at IslamicWeb.com.
- ↑ Muhammad Ghoniem & M S M Saifullah, "The Sacrifice Of Abraham: Isaac or Ishmael(P)?" at Islamic-Awareness.org.
- ↑ "Sacrifice of Abraham" at Muslim.org, orig. pub. in The Light & Islamic Review May/June 1998.
- ↑ May, Dann J (December 1993). "Web Published". The Bahá'í Principle of Religious Unity and the Challenge of Radical Pluralism. University of North Texas, Denton, Texas. pp. 102. http://bahai-library.com/may_principle_religious_unity. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ↑ {{{başlık}}}. ISBN 0-87743-264-3.
- ↑ "Abrahamic Religion". Christianity: Details about…. Christianity Guide. http://www.christianity-guide.com/christianity/abrahamic_religion.htm. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
- ↑ Şablon hatası:başlık gerekiyor.
- ↑ {{{başlık}}}. ISBN 0853985332.
- ↑ {{{başlık}}}. ISBN 0853981442.
- ↑ "G.F. Hasel, "Chronogenealogies in the Biblical History of Beginnings"". Grisda.org. http://www.grisda.org/origins/07023.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ↑ ""Biblical Chronology", Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)". Newadvent.org. 1908-11-01. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03731a.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ↑ Joseph Blenkinsopp, "Judaism, the first phase" p.39
- ↑ Joseph Blenkinsopp, "Judaism, the first phase" p.38
- ↑ Albertz, R, "Israel in exile: the history and literature of the sixth century B.C.E." (Society of Biblical Literature, 2003) p.246
Further reading[]
- {{{başlık}}}. ISBN 0-8091-2631-1.
- {{{başlık}}}. ISBN 0-8276-0709-1.
- {{{başlık}}}. ISBN 0-86554-517-0.
- {{{başlık}}}. ISBN 90-04-13630-4.
- {{{başlık}}}. ISBN 0-465-07094-9.
- {{{başlık}}}. ISBN 0-684-86912-8.
- {{{başlık}}}. ISBN 1-56338-389-6.
- {{{başlık}}}. ISBN 0-300-01792-8.
- {{{başlık}}}. ISBN 90-04-07096-6.
- {{{başlık}}}. ISBN 1-85075-063-7.
External links[]
- "Abraham" in Christian Iconography
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh). (1911). Cambridge University Press.
| Önce gelen Terah |
Abraham | Sonra gelen Isaac |
|
Adam to David according to the Hebrew Bible | |
|---|---|
| Creation to Flood | Adam · Seth · Enos · Kenan · Mahalalel · Jared · Enoch · Methuselah · Lamech · Noah · Shem |
| Cain line | Adam · Cain · Enoch · Irad · Mehujael · Methusael · Lamech · Tubal-cain |
| Patriarchs after Flood | Arpachshad · Shelah · Eber · Peleg · Reu · Serug · Nahor · Terah · Abraham · Isaac · Jacob |
| Nationhood to Kingship | Judah · Pharez · Hezron · Ram · Amminadab · Nahshon · Salmon · Boaz · Obed · Jesse · David |
|
Prophets in the Hebrew Bible | |
|---|---|
| Pre-Patriarchs (Bible) | Abel · Kenan · Enoch · Noah (rl) · Eber |
| Patriarchs and Matriarchs | Abraham · Isaac · Jacob · Joseph · Sarah (rl) · Rebecca · Rachel · Leah |
| Israelite prophets in the Torah | Moses (rl) · Aaron · Miriam · Eldad & Medad · Phinehas |
| Prophets mentioned in the First Prophets | Joshua · Deborah · Eli · Elkanah · Hannah · Abigail · Samuel · Gad · Nathan · David · Solomon · Jeduthun · Ahiyah · Elijah · Elisha · Shemaiah · Iddo · Azariah · Hanani · Jehu · Micaiah · Jahaziel · Eliezer · Zechariah ben Jehoiada · Oded · Huldah · Uriah · Hilkiah |
| Major Prophets | Isaiah (rl) · Jeremiah · Ezekiel · Daniel (rl) |
| Minor Prophets | Hosea · Joel · Amos · Obadiah · Jonah (rl) · Micah · Nahum · Habakkuk · Zephaniah · Haggai · Zechariah · Malachi |
| Noahide prophets | Beor · Balaam · Job (rl) · Eliphaz · Bildad · Zophar · Elihu |
| Other prophets | Amoz · Beeri · Baruch · Buzi · Mordecai · Esther (rl) |
| Italics denote that the status as a prophet is not universally accepted. · rl are articles dealing with the prophet within Rabbinic Literature. | |
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