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Changes: BOOK IX

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== [[BOOK IX]]. [[INTERDICTION, CONSTRAINT AND PRE-EMPTION]] ==
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{{Majalla}}<br />{{Mecelle}}
  
   
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INTRODUCTION.
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[[Kategori:Mecelle]]<br />[[Kategori:Majalla]]
  
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TERMS OF OTTOMAN JURISPRUDENCE RELATING TO INTERDICTION, CONSTRAINT AND PRE-EMPTION.
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● 941. Interdiction consists of prohibiting any particular person from dealing with his own property. After interdiction, such person is called an interdicted person.
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● 942. By permission is meant removing the interdiction and destroying the right of prohibition. The person to whom such permission is given is called the permitted person.
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● 943. A minor of imperfect understanding is a young person who does not understand selling and buying, that is to say, who does not understand that ownership is lost by sale and acquired by purchase, and who is unable to distinguish obvious flagrant misrepresentation, that is misrepresentation amounting to five in ten, from minor representation. A minor who can distinguish between these matters is called a young person of perfect understanding.
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● 944. Lunatics are divided into two classes. The first consists of persons who are continuously mad and whose madness lasts whole times. The second class consists of whose madness is intermittent, that is to say, persons who are sometimes mad and sometimes sane.
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● 945. An imbecile is a person whose mind is so deranged that his comprehension is extremely limited, his speech confused, and whose actions are imperfect.
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● 946. A prodigal person is a person who by reckless expenditure wastes and destroys his property to no purpose. Persons who are deceived in their business owing to their being stupid or simple-minded are also considered to be prodigal persons.
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● 947. A person of mature mind is a person who is able to take control of his own property and who does not waste it to no purpose.
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● 948. Constraint consists of wrongfully forcing a person through fear to do something without his consent. (*).( The translation of certain technical terms in this Article has been omitted as having no meaning for the English reader.)
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● 949. constraint is divided into two classes. The first class consists of major constraint, whereby the death of a person or the loss of a limb is caused. The second consists of minor constraint whereby grief of pain alone is caused, such as assault or imprisonment.
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● 950. Pre-emption consists of acquiring possession of a piece of property held in absolute ownership which has been purchased, by paying the purchaser the amount he gave for it.
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● 951. The pre-emptor is the person enjoying the right of pre-emption.
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● 951. The subject of pre-emption is real property to which the right of pre-emption is attached.
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● 953. The subject matter of pre-emption is the property held in absolute ownership of the pre-emptor is virtue of which the right of pre-emption is exercised.
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● 954. A joint owner of a servitude is a person who shares with another is right over property held in absolute ownership, such as a share in water, or a share in road.
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● 955. A private right of taking water is a right of taking water from some flowing water reserved for a limited number of persons. But the right of taking water from rivers used by the public does not belong to this class.
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● 956. A private road is a road from which there is no exit.
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CHAPTER 1. MATTERS RELATING TO INTERDICTION.
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SECTION 1. CLASSES OF INTERDICTED PERSONS AND MATTERS RELATING THERETO.
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● 957. Minors, lunatics and imbeciles are ipso facto interdicted.
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● 958. A person who is a prodigal may be interdicted by the court.
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● 959. A person who is in debt may also be interdicted by the court upon the application of the creditors.
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● 960. Any disposition of property such as sale and purchase on the part of interdicted persons referred to it in the preceding Articles, is invalid. Such persons, moreover, must immediately make good any loss caused by their own acts.
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Example:- If A, even though he may be a young person of imperfect understanding, destroys property belonging to B, he must make good the loss.
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● 961. Upon the court declaring a prodigal and a person in debt to be interdicted, the reason for such interdiction must be given, and announced in public.
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● 962. It is not essential that the person whom the court intends to interdict should be present. He may validly be interdicted in his absence. Such person must, however, be informed of the interdiction; and the interdiction does not take effect until he has been so informed. Consequently, any contracts or admissions made by him up to that date are valid.
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● 963. Provided he has not squandered his property, a person of dissolute character may not be interdicted solely by reason of his dissolute conduct.
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● 964. Persons who cause injury to the public, such as an ignorant physician, may also be interdicted. In such cases, however, the object of the interdiction is to restrain them from practice, and not to prohibit them from dealing with their property.
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● 965. No person who carries on business or trade in the market may be restrained from carrying on the same by reason of the fact that other persons carrying on such business or trade allege that their work is being ruined thereby. SECTION II. MATTERS RELATING TO MINOR, LUNATICS AND IMBECILES.
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● 966. A minor of imperfect understanding may not in any manner make any valid disposition of his property, even through his tutor assents thereto.
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● 967. Any disposition of property entered into by a minor of imperfect understanding, which is purely for his own benefit, such as the acceptance of gift and presents, is valid, even though his tutor does not assent thereto. Any disposition of property, however, which is purely to his own disadvantage, such as bestowing a thing upon another by way of gift, is invalid, even though the tutor assents thereto. But in the case of contracts where it is not certain whether they will be for his benefit or disadvantage, such contracts are concluded subject to the permission of the tutor. The tutor has the option of giving or withholding his consent. Thus, if he thinks that it is to the advantage of the minor, he will give his consent, and not otherwise.
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Example:- A minor of perfect understanding sells certain property without permission. The execution of the sale is subject to the assent of his tutor, even though he has sold it for a price which is greater than the value thereof, the reason being that the contract of sale is one where it is not certain whether it will be for his advantage or disadvantage.
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● 968. Tutor may give a minor of perfect understanding a portion of his property on trial with which to engage in business, and if it turns out as a result that he is of mature mind, he may deliver him the balance of such property. Article
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● 969. The repeated conclusion of contracts from which the intention to make profit may be inferred, amounts to permission to engage in business.
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Example:- A tutor tell a minor to engage in business, or to buy and sell property of a certain nature. This amounts to permission to engage in business. But if he merely authorises him to conclude a single contract, as where he states that certain things are to be found in the market and tells him to buy them, or tells him to sell a certain thing, such act does not amount to permission to engage in business, but the tutor is considered to have employed such minor as agent in accordance with custom.
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● 970. Permission given by the tutor may not be made subject to any condition as to time and place, or limited to any particular type of business.
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Example:-
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(1). The tutor gives permission to a minor of perfect understanding for a period of one day or one month. The minor has full and absolute permission, and may act for all time, until the tutor makes him interdicted.
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(2) The tutor tells the minor to engage in trade in a certain market. The minor may engage in trade anywhere.
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(3). The tutor tell the minor to buy and sell property of a particular sort. The minor may buy and sell any sort of property. ● 971. Permission may be given explicitly or by implication.
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Example:- A minor of perfect understanding engages in business with the knowledge of his tutor, who makes no comment thereon and does not prohibit him from so doing. The tutor has given him permission by implication.
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● 972. When permission is given to a minor by his tutor, such minor is considered to have arrived at the age of puberty in respect to the matters included in the permission. Contract such as those relating to sale and hire are valid.
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● 973. A tutor who has given permission to a minor may later revoke such permission by making the minor interdicted, but the interdiction must take the same from as the permission. Example:- A tutor gives a general permission to a minor to engage in business. After this permission has become known to people in the market, he wishes to make the minor interdicted. The interdiction must in the same way be made general, and must be made known to the majority of the people in the market. It is not enough for him to be made interdicted in his own house in the presence of two or three persons.
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● 974. The tutor of a minor in this connection is
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(1) His father.
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(2). If his father is dead, the guardian chosen, that is to say, the guardian chosen and appointed by the father during his lifetime.
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(3). If the guardian chosen is dead, then the guardian appointed by him during his life time.
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(4). The true ancestor, that is to say, the father of the father of the minor, or the father of the father of his father.
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(5). The The guardian chosen and appointed by such ancestor during his lifetime.
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(6). The guardian appointed by such guardian.
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(7). The court, or the guardian appointed, that is to say, the guardian appointed by the court.
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Any permission given by a brother, or an uncle, or other relative who are not guardians, is invalid.
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● 975. If the Court deems it in the interest of a minor that he allowed to dispose of property, and a senior tutor of such minor refuses to give permission, the Court may give the minor permission to do so, and no other tutor may under any circumstances make such minor interdicted.
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● 976. In the event of the death of a tutor who has given permission to a minor, thee permission which he has given becomes void. BUt the permission given by the Court does not becomes null and void by reason of the death or dismissal of the judge.
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● 977. A minor who has been granted permission by the Court may be interdicted by such Court or by the successor of the judge who granted such permission. The father, or any other tutor, however, may not make the minor interdicted after the death or dismissal of such judge.
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● 978. An imbecile is considered to be a minor of perfect understanding.
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● 979. Lunatics who are continuously mad are considered to be minor of imperfect understanding.
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● 980. Acts of disposition over property by lunatics who are not continuously mad, and performed during a lucid interval, are like acts of disposition over property performed by the sane person.
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● 981. When a young person arrives at the age of puberty, there should be no undue haste in handing his property to him, but his capacity should be put to test. and if it turns out that he is of mature mind, his property should then be given to him.
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● 982. If a young person who is not of mature mind arrives at the age of puberty, his property should not be handed to him and he should be prohibited as previously from dealing with the, until it has been proved that the is of mature mind.
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● 983. If property is handed by a guardian to a minor before it has been proved that he is of mature mind, and such property is lost while in the possession of the minor, or the minor destroys the same, the guardian must make good the loss.
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● 984. If property is handed to a minor upon his reaching the age of puberty, and if is later proved that he is a prodigal, such person shall be interdicted by the Court.
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● 985. Puberty is proved by the emission of seed during dreams, by the power to make pregnant, by, menstruation, and by the capacity to conceive.
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● 986. The commencement of the age of puberty in the case of males is twelve years completed and in the case of females nine years completed. The termination of the age of puberty in both cases is fifteen years completed. If a male on reaching twelve have not arrived at the age of puberty, they are said to be approaching puberty until such time as they do in fact arrive at the age of puberty.
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● 987. Any person who upon reaching the termination of the age of puberty, shows no signs of puberty, is considered in law to have arrived at the age of puberty.
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● 988. If any young person who has not arrived at the commencement at the age of puberty brings an action to prove that he has in fact arrived at the age of puberty, such action shall not be heard.
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● 989. If a male of female approaching the age of puberty admit in Court that they have arrived at the age of puberty, and the condition of their bodies shows that their admission is false, such admission shall not be confirmed. If, however, the condition of their bodies shows that their admission is true, their admission should be confirmed, and that their contracts and admissions are executory and valid. If such persons later state that at the time they made the admission they had not arrived at the age of puberty, and seek to annul any disposition they may have made over their property, no attention shall be paid thereto.
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SECTION III. INTERDICTED PRODIGALS.
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● 990. An interdicted prodigal is, as regards his civil transactions, like a minor of perfect understanding. The court alone, however, may be the tutor of the prodigal. The father, ancestor and guardians have no right of tutorship over him.
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● 991. Any disposition of property by the prodigal after interdiction as regards his civil transactions are invalid. Any such dispositions made prior to the interdiction are the same as those of other people.
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● 992. Any expenditure necessary for the interdicted prodigal or for those dependent upon him for support may be made from his own property.
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● 993. If the interdicted prodigal sells property, such sale is not executory. If the court thinks that any benefit may be derived therefrom, however, it may validate such sale.
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● 994. An admission made by an interdicted prodigal of a debt due to another is absolutely invalid, that is to say, any admission made in respect to property in existence at the time the interdiction was declared, or accruing thereafter, is without effect.
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● 995. Any claim which any person may have against an interdicted prodigal shall be paid from the prodigal's property.
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● 996. If an interdicted prodigal borrows money and uses it for his personal expenditure, and the amount thereof is not excessive, the Court shall repay such money from the prodigal's property. If it is excessive, however, the Court shall estimate the amount necessary for his maintenance and disallow the rest.
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● 997. If the interdicted prodigal reforms, the interdiction may be removed by the Court.
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SECTION IV. INTERDICTION OF DEBTORS.
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● 998. If it is clear to the Court that the debtor is putting off paying his creditors, although he is able to pay, and the creditors ask the court to sell the property of the debtor and pay his debts therefrom, the Court shall prohibit the debtor from dealing with his property.
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Should the debtor himself refuse to sell his property and pay his debts therefrom, the Court shall do so. The Court shall begin by selling those things which are most advantageous to the debtor.
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The Court shall first deal with the cash assets and if these are not sufficient the merchandise, and if that is not sufficient, the real property of the debtor.
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● 999. If the debtor is bankrupt, that is to say, if his debts are equal to or exceed his property, and the creditors fear that his property will be lost by trading, or that he will dispose of his property in fraud of his creditors, or that he will make it over to some other person, they may make application to the Court and ask for such person to be prohibited from dealing with his property or admitting a debt to some other person, and the Court shall then declare the debtor to be interdicted and shall sell his property and divide the proceeds among the creditors. One or two suits of clothes shall be left for the debtor. If the debtor's clothes, however, are expensive, and it is possible to do with less expensive clothes, such clothes shall be sold and a suit of cheap clothes shall be bought from the sum realised and the balance should be paid to the creditors. Again, if the debtor has a large country house and a smaller one is sufficient for him, such country house shall be sold and a suitable dwelling purchased from the sum realised, and the balance given to the creditors.
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● 1000. Any expenditure necessary for the maintenance of an insolvent debtor during the period of his interdiction, or for persons dependent upon him for support, shall be paid from the debtor's property.
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● 1001. Interdiction on account of debt only applies to property of the debtor in existence at the time the interdiction was declared. It does not apply to any property accruing to the debtor after the interdiction.
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● 1002. The interdiction applies to anything likely to destroy the rights of the creditors, such as making gifts and bestowing alms and selling property at less than the estimated value.
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Consequently, any contracts entered into by a bankrupt debtor which are prejudicial to the rights of creditors, and other dispositions of property and gifts, are invalid in respect to property which existed at the time the interdiction was pronounced. They are valid, however, in respect to a debt relating to any property in existence at the time the interdiction was pronounced. They are valid, however, in respect to property acquired after the interdiction was pronounced. Any admission made to any other person in respect to a debt relating to any property in existence at the time the interdiction was pronounced, is invalid. After the interdiction has been removed, however, the admission is valid, and he is liable to make payment thereof. If he acquires property after the interdiction has been pronounced, an admission that he will make payment therefrom is executory.
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CHAPTER II. CONSTRAINT.
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● 1003. The person who causes constraint must be capable of carrying out his threat. Consequently, the threat of any person who is unable to put such threat into execution, is considered to be of no effect.
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● 1004. The person who is the subject of constraint must be afraid of the occurrence of the event with which he is threatened. That is to say, he must have become convinced that the person causing the constraint would carry out his threat in the event of his failing to do what he was being constrained to do.
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● 1005. Constraint is considered to be effective if the person who is the subject of such constraint performs the act he has been forced to do, in the presence of the person causing constraint, or of his representative. But if he performs such act in the absence of the person causing the constraint or of his representative, such act is not considered to have been caused by constraint since he has performed the act freely after the cessation of the constraint.
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Example:- A brings constraint to bear on B to oblige him to sell property to C. B sells the property to C. in the absence of A or of his representative. The sale is considered to be valid and the constraint ineffective.
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● 1006. Contracts of sale, purchase, hire, gift, transfer of real property, settlement in regard to property, admission, release, postponement of debt and renunciation of a right of pre-emption, if entered into as a result of effective constraint, are invalid, whether caused by major constraint or minor constraint. If the person subject to constraint ratifies the contract after the cessation of the constraint, such contract is valid.
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● 1007. Major constraint applies not only to cases of formal dispositions of property as referred to above, but also to dispositions of property by conduct. Minor constraint, however, only applies to formal dispositions of property and not to dispositions of property by conduct. Consequently, if a person tells another to destroy the property of a certain person or he will murder him, or destroy one of his limbs, and the person who is subject of such constraint does destroy the property, the constraint is effective and the person responsible for the constraint alone may be called upon to make good the loss. But if a person tells another to destroy property of a certain person, or he will strike him or imprison him and he does destroy such property, the constraint is not effective, and the person destroying such property alone may be called upon to make good the loss.
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CHAPTER III. PRE-EMPTION.
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SECTION 1. DEGREES OF PRE-EMPTION.
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● 1008. There are three causes of pre-emption.
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(1). Where a person is the joint owner of the property sold itself. As where two persons jointly own an undivided share of real property.
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(2). Where a person is part of a servitude in the thing sold. As where a person shares is a private right of taking water or in a private road. (see 3rd at the end of Examples)
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Examples:-
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(1) One of several gardens each having shares in a private right of taking water is sold. Each of theowners of the other gardens obtains a right of pre-emption, whether they are adjoining neighbours or not.
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(2) A house opening on to a private road is sold. Each of the owners of the other houses giving onto the private road obtains a right of pre-emption, whether they are adjoining neighbours or not.
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But if a house taking water from a river which is open to the use of the public or the doors of which give on to a public road is sold, the owners of the other houses taking water from such river, or which give on to the public road, do not possess any right of pre-emption.
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(3) Where a person is adjoining neighbour to the thing sold.
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● 1009. The right of pre-emption belongs:
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First, to the person who is a joint owner of the thing sold.
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Second, to the person who is a joint owner of the servitude over the thing sold. Third, to the adjoining neighbour.
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If the first person claims his right of pre-emption, the others lose theirs. If the second person claims his right of pre-emption, the third person loses his.
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● 1010. If a person is not a joint owner of the thing sold, or if, being a joint owner, he has renounced his right of pre-emption, and there is a person who has a share in a servitude in the thing sold, such person possesses a right of pre-emption. Should there be no person having a servitude in the thing sold, or, should there be one, and such person renounces his right thereto, the right of pre-emption accrues to the adjoining neighbour.
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q Example:- A sells real property which he owns in absolute ownership to the exclusion of any other person, or A, being a joint owner of real property, sells his undivided jointly owned share therein and his partner relinquishes his right of pre-emption to such real property, and there is a person enjoying a private right of taking water who is part owner is a servitude over a private road. The right of pre-emption belongs to such person. Should there be no such person, or, in the event of there being such a person, that person relinquishes his right thereto, the right of pre-emption accrues to the adjoining neighbour.
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● 1011. Where the upper portion, that is, the top storey belongs to one person and the lower portion, that is the lower storey of a building belongs to another, such persons are considered to be adjoining neighbours.
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● 1012. Where a person is joint owner of the wall of a house, he is considered to be joint owner of such house. And if, while not being joint owner of the wall, the beams of his own house rest upon his neighbour's wall, he is considered to be an adjoining neighbour. The mere fact, however, that such person enjoys the right of putting the ends of his beams upon such wall does not entitle him to be considered as a joint owner or as a person sharing in a servitude over such property.
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● 1013. Should there be several persons enjoying a right of pre- emption, they are dealt with according to their numbers and not according to the number of parts, that is shares, which they hold.
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Example:- A holds a half share in a house, and B and C hold a third and sixth share respectively.
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In the event of the owner of the half share selling such share to another person, and of B and C claiming the right of pre-emption, the half share is divided between them equally. B, the owner of the share of one third, may not claim to have a larger share granted to him on the basis of his prior holding.
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● 1014. Where two classes of persons having joint shares in a servitude come together, the particular take precedence over the general.
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Example:-
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(1). Where a person who is the owner of a garden owned in absolute ownership, situated on land enjoying the right of taking water from a creek opening from a small river to which a right of taking water is also attached sells such garden, those persons having a right of taking water from the creek have a prior right of pre-emption. But if a person who is owner of a garden owned in absolute ownership situated on land enjoying the right of taking water from such river,sells his garden, all persons enjoying the right of taking water, whether from the river, or from the creek, possess a right of pre-emption.
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(2). A person who is the owner of a house held in absolute ownership the door of which opens on to a blind alley which branches off from another blind alley, sells such house. Those persons the of whose houses open on to the branch blind alley possess a right of pre-emption. But if the owner of a house the door of which opens on to the principal blind alley sells such house, all persons having a right of way, whether over the principal or branch blind alley, possess a right of pre-emption.
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● 1015. If the owner of a garden possessing a private right of taking water sells such garden without the right of taking water, those persons who share in the right of taking water cannot claim a right of pre-emption. The same principle is applied in the case of a private road.
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● 1016. A right of taking water is preferred to a right of way. Therefor, if upon the sale of a garden in respect of which one person is the joint owner of a private right of taking water and another of a private right of way attaching thereto, the owner of the right of taking water is preferred to the owner of the right of way.
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SECTION II. CONDITIONS ATTACHING TO THE RIGHT OF PRE-EMPTION.
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● 1017. The property to which the right of pre-emption attaches must be real property held in absolute ownership. Therefore, no right of pre-emption can attach to a ship or other movable property, nor to real property which has been dedicated to pious purposes, nor to state land.
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● 1028. The property on account of which the right of pre-emption is claimed must also be held in absolute ownership. Consequently, upon the sale of real property held in absolute ownership, the trustee or tenant of adjacent real property which has been dedicated to pious purposes cannot claim a right of pre-emption.
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● 1019. No right of pre-emption may be claimed in respect to trees and buildings held in absolute ownership and situated on land dedicated to pious purposes, or on state land, since these are regarded as movable property.
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● 1020. In the event of a piece of land held in absolute ownership being sold together with the trees and buildings standing thereon, such trees and buildings, since they follow the land, are also subject to the right of pre-emption. But if such trees and buildings alone are sold, no right of pre-emption can be claimed.
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● 1021. Pre-emption can only be established by a contract of sale.
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● 1022. A gift subject to compensation is regarded as a sale. Consequently, if a person who is the owner of a house in absolute ownership bestows such house upon another by way of gift subject to compensation and gives delivery thereof, this adjoining neighbour has a right of pre-emption.
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● 1023. No right of pre-emption attaches to real property given to others in absolute ownership without payment, as in cases of gift without right of compensation, inheritance, or bequest.
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● 1024. The person claiming the right of pre-emption must not have agreed to the sale which has been concluded, either expressly or by implication.
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Examples:-
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(1). If A, upon hearing of the conclusion of the sale expresses his concurrence therein, he loses his right of pre-emption, and he may not thereafter claim any such right.
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(2). If A, after having heard of the conclusion of the sale, seeks to buy or to hire the property to which the right of pre-emption attaches from the purchaser, he loses his right of pre-emption.
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Similarly, no right of pre-emption can be claimed by a person who has sold real property as agent for some other person. ( see Article 100).
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● 1025. The price must consist of property the amount of which is clearly ascertained. Consequently, there is no right of pre-emption is respect of real property transferred in absolute ownership for a price which does not consist of property.
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Examples:-
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(1). A sells a house which he owns in absolute ownership for the rent accruing from the letting of a bath. No right of pre-emption can be claimed because in this case the price of the house in not clearly ascertained, but in rent which is in the nature of an interest.
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(2). There is no right of pre-emption in respect to real property held in absolute ownership and which is given as a marriage portion.
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● 1026. The vendor must have divested himself of his absolute ownership in the thing sold.
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Consequently, in the case of a voidable sale, so long as the vendor retains the right to demand the return of the thing sold, there is no right of pre-emption. In the case of sale subject to an option, however, there is a right of pre-emption if the person possessing the option is the purchaser only. If the vendor has a right of option, however, there is no right of pre-emption until the vendor has divested himself of his right of option. But the existence of an option for defect or for inspection is no bar to the assertion of a right of pre-emption.
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● 1027. There is no right of pre-emption upon the division of real property. Example:- If the joint owners of a house jointly owned divide such house among themselves, the adjoining neighbour has no right of pre- emption.
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SECTION III. THE CLAIM OF PRE-EMPTION.
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● 1028. Three claims must be made in cases of pre-emption.
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(1). A claim made immediately upon hearing of the sale;
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(2). A claim made formally and in the presence of witnesses;
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(3). A claim that the person alleging the right of pre-emption is entitled to bring an action and to be granted absolute ownership of the property.
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● 1029. The person claiming the right of pre-emption must at the moment he heard of the conclusion of the sale, make a statement showing that he claims the right of pre-emption, as by saying that he is the person who has the right of the property sold subject to pre-emption, or that he claims the property by way of pre-emption. The claim is referred to as the claim made immediately upon hearing of the sale.
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● 1030. After having made a claim immediately upon hearing of the sale, the person claiming the right of pre-emption must make a claim formally and in the presence of witnesses.
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Thus, such person must say in the presence of two witnesses, and by the side of the property sold, that such and such a person has bought the real property in question, or, being by the side of the purchaser, must say that such person has bought such and such a piece of real property or, if the property sold is still in the possession of the vendor, must say by the side of the vendor that the latter has sold the real property in question to such and such a person, but that he has a right of pre-emption thereto, and that he calls such person to witness that he has made a further claim at that moment.
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If the person claiming the right of pre-emption is in some distant place and is not in a position personally to make a claim formally and in the presence of witnesses, he may appoint a person as his agent to do so. If he is unable to find an agent, he may send a letter.
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● 1031. After having made a claim formally and in the presence of witnesses, the person claiming the right of pre-emption must make a claim before the court and bring a action. This is called a claim to bring an action and to be granted absolute ownership of the property.
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● 1032. If the person claiming the right of pre-emption delays in making his claim immediately upon hearing of the sale, he loses his right of pre-emption at the moment he hears of the sale, but behaves in a manner tending to show that he does not intend to pursue his claim such as dealing with some other matter, or engaging in conversation regarding a different subject, or if he goes away without making any claim to pre-emption whatsoever, such person loses his right of pre-emption.
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● 1033. If the person claiming the right of pre-emption delays in making his claim formally and in the presence of witnesses for any time longer that is necessary for him to act, even though it be by letter, such person loses his right of pre-emption.
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● 1034. If the person claiming the right of pre-emption delays without any legal excuse, as where he is in some other country, for more than one month in making a claim formally and in the presence of witnesses, such person loses his right of pre-emption.
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● 1035. The tutor of an interdicted person may claim the right of pre-emption of behalf of such person. If a tutor fails to claim a right of pre-emption on behalf of a minor, such minor is not entitled to claim by way of pre-emption after he has reached the age of puberty.
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SECTION IV. THE EFFECT OF PRE-EMPTION.
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● 1036. The person who is entitled to a right of pre-emption becomes owner of the property to which such right attaches, either by the purchaser handing over such property as the result of mutual agreement, or by virtue of a judgement issued by the court.
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● 1037. The act of taking over property held in absolute ownership, by way of pre-emption, is equivalent to buying such property in the first instance.
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Consequently, rights which are valid in the case of original purchase, such as the option of inspection and the option for defect, are also valid in the case of pre-emption.
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● 1038. If the person claiming the right of pre-emption dies after having made both the immediate and formal claims, but without becoming the owner of the property to which the right of pre-emption attaches owing to such property having been handed over by the purchaser either by way of mutual agreement or as the result of a judgement of the court, the right of pre-emption is not transferred to his heirs.
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● 1039. If the person claiming the right of pre-emption sells the property by virtue of which he holds a right of pre-emption after having made the two claims a set out above, but without having become owner of the property to which the right of pre-emption attaches, such person loses his right of pre-emption.
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● 1040. If a piece of real property held in absolute ownership adjoining property subject to the right of pre-emption is sold before the person claiming the right of pre-emption attaches as set out above, such person person cannot claim a right of pre-emption in the second piece of real property.
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● 1041. Pre-emption does not admit of division. Consequently, the person claiming the right of pre-emption has no right to reject a portion of the property to which the right of pre-emption attaches and take the rest.
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● 1042. None of the holders of a right of pre-emption may bestow their right upon other holders by way of gift. If they do so, their right of pre-emption is lost.
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● 1042. If any holder of a right of pre-emption relinquishes such right prior to the judgement of the court, any other person possessing a right of pre-emption may take the whole of the real property to which the right of pre-emption attaches. If any holder of a right of pre-emption relinquishes his right of pre-emption after judgement by the court, such person's right does not accrue to any other person holding a right of pre-emption.
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● 1044. If the purchaser adds something to the building to which the right of pre-emption attaches, such as paint, the person possessing the right of pre- emption has the option either of leaving such building or of taking it and paying the price of such addition, together with the price of the building. If the purchaser has erected buildings upon the real property to which the right of pre-emption attaches, or has planted trees thereon, the holder of the right of pre-emption has an option of leaving such real property, or of taking it and paying the price thereof together with the value of such buildings and trees. If he does not do so, he cannot force the purchaser to pull down the buildings and uproot the trees.
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PROMULGATED BY ROYAL IRADAH, 16TH REBI UL AKHIR, 1290.
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AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH
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(The Ottoman Courts Manual)
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{{Majalla}}
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{{Mecelle}}
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[[Kategori:Mecelle]]
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[[Kategori:Majalla]]

03.10, 25 Haziran 2019 itibarı ile sayfanın şu anki hâli

Adobe Post 20190711 080718

Majalla/English

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D Şablon:Majalla bakınız .Portal:Mecelle. Majalla. Mecelle/English [1]
AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH (The Ottoman Courts Manual (Hanafi)) The Journal of The Verdicts of The Justice Mecelle/Dictionary ENG word .Mecelle/İngilizce/Düz metin Majalla 1. Sale (BUYU' 101-403 ). 2.Majalla/Book II BOOK II:Hire 404-611 . BOOK III: GUARANTEE

INTRODUCTION Definition and Classification of Turkic Jurisprudence MAXIMS OF TURKIC JURISPRUDENCE BOOK I BOOK II BOOK III BOOK IV BOOK V BOOK VI BOOK VII BOOK VIII BOOK IX BOOK X BOOK XI BOOK XII BOOK XIII BOOK XIV BOOK XV BOOK XVI
Mecelle/Fransızca Mecelle/Arabî Mecelle/Osmani Anadoluda hukuk bilinci

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D Portal:Mecelle - Mecelle(Türkî) -Majalla (Eng) -Mecelle/English - Mejelle - המג'לה (İbranî) . MEDŽELLE (Bosnian) . Medjelle Meğelle Mecelle-'i Ahkâm-ı'Adlīye ,Majallah el-Ahkâm-ı-Adliya, مجلة الأحكام العدلية . Mecelle/Arabî - مجلةMecelle/Arabi- Mecelle/Fihrist - Mecelle/Fransızca Kodifikasyon hareketleri .MKK/Düz Metin linkli

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D Şablon:Mecelle/Mukaddime . MKK. 1.Kitap:Büyu' . 2.Kitap: .3.Kitap:. 4.Kitap:.5.Kitap:. 6.Kitap:. 7.Kitap:.8.Kitap:. 9.Kitap:. 10.Kitap:Şirket 11.Kitap. 12.Kitap:. 13.Kitap:.14.Kitap:İbra 15.Kitap:Dava KBVT. 16.Kitap:Kaza Mecelle/Resimler

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D .
Son: İfade-i mahsusa - Mecelle Cemiyetinin mazbatasıdır osmanlıca Ahmet Cevdet Paşa...Son:MC/1 MC/2... MKK Mecellenin Külli Kaideleri.... KSVİ KİTÂBÜ'S-SULH VE'L-İBRÂ KİTÂBÜ'S-SULH VE'L-İBRÂ/Düz Metin..... Kitab-ı İkrar.... Kitab-ı Dava Kitab-ı Dava/Düz metin..... KBVT Kitab-ı Beyyinat ve Tehalif Şablon:KBVT... Kitab-ı Dava Şablon:Kitab-ı Dava.... Kitab-ı İkrar Şablon:Kitab-ı İkrar.... KBVT.... Kitab-ı Kaza Şablon:Kitab-ı Kaza Kitab-ı Kaza/Günümüz Türkçesiyle... Şablon:Kitâbü'l- vekalet Kitâbü'l-Vekâle..... KİTAB-I VEDİA züfer görüşlerine 5. kitapta yer verip tepki çekmesi üzerine mecelle'nin 6. kitabının hazırlandığı komisyondan birtakım entrikalarla uzaklaştırılır ve mecelle'nin en kötü kitabı da bu 6. kitaptır. bakarlar ki o'nsuz ellerine yüzlerine bulaştıracaklar, kendisini geri çağırırlar ve o kötü hazırlanan 6. kitap (kitab'ül vedia) toplatılır. Mecelle/Eleştiriler Mecelle/Mütealalar Mecelle/Mutealalar/Ebul Ula Mardin Mecelle cemiyeti Mecelle/Eşi sözlük seçmeleri MECELLE’NİN TA’DİL EDİLEN MADDELERİNİN İSLAM HUKUKU AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Mecelle/Günümüz Türkçesiyle İzah güzel Yetkin de çıkmış
Mecelle/Vecizeler Mecelle/BİBLİYOGRAFYA Mecelle/Hazırlanışı Mecelle/Mutealalar/Ebul Ula Mardin
ESK/Mecelle ESK/Mecelle/1-100 ESK/Mecelle/1-100/Kelime İzahlı Mecelle’nin üslûbu bir kânun kitabi olarak sâheserdir. Fesâhet ve belâgatla yazilmistir. Bilhassa basindaki 99 fikih kâidesinin çogu, dilimize ezberlenmesi kolay cümleler hâlinde girmistir. Bunlarda Ahmed Cevdet Pasanin akici ve düzgün ifâdesi hissedilmektedir. Fakat o devrin Türkçesi hakkinda ve o konularda bilgisi olmayanlar Mecelle’yi kolayca anlayamazlar. Mecelle’nin basindaki küllî (genel) kâidelerin çoğu, Islâm fakihlerinden Ibn-i Nüceym’in Esbah ve’n-Nezâir adli eseriyle Mecâmi Serhi’nden alinmistir. --- Mecelle/Fransızca Mecelle/Arabî
Osmanlıca Mecelle Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Osmanlıca Osmanlıca PDF mecelle
مجلة احكام عدلى Arapçası
Mecelle Esbâb-ı Mûcibe Mazbatası
Mecelle/Sadaretin Arzı ve İrade-i Seniyye
Mecelle/Mukaddime Majalla/Introduction Majalla/Part I
Mecelle'den seçme hükümler güzel medeni kanun hükümleri
Mecelle/Fransızca Mecelle/Rumca Mecelle/Boşnakça Mecelle/Osmani Mecelle/Türki Mecelle/Farisi Mecelle/Arabî Mecelle/English
• İddianame için: mütevatirin aleyhine Beyyine kabul olunmaz. Madde 73.md Hatası zahir olan zanna itibar yoktur
ŞERHLER:Mecelle şerhi Mecelle/Şerhleri MM hocası Atıf Bey şerhi - Archive org Atif bey mecelle Şerhi
Mecelle/VP Mecelle/WP Mecelle/WP Arabi
Mecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliye
Tafsili Mecelle İcmali Mecelle İzahlı Mecelle Mecelle Taramaları
Mecal Mecal-ı şahsi Mecellat Megillah [2] Ester Esther Aşir Aşur Aysu Esau Isaiah Book of Esther [3] Ester kitabı [4]) :Hz.Muhammed as hakkında haberler vardır. İbni Kesir Peygamber olduğunu söyler.

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D . Mecelle/Şerhleri Ali Haydar Efendi , Dürerül-Hukkâm (Osmanlica) Haci Resid Pasa , Rûhul-Mecelle , Mes’ud Efendi (Kayseri Müftüsü ) Mir’atül-Mecelle (Arapça ) G. Snopian (Fransiz Yazar) , Code Civil Ottoman

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D. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça Osmanlıca Türkçe İngilizce Fransızca MKK/Düz Metin . MKK/Düz Metin linkli MKK/1-25 MKK/26-50 MKK/51-75 MKK/75-100 MKK. Mecelle/Hukukun Kavaid-i Külliyesi... Mecellenin külli kaideleri... Mecelle'den seçme hükümler... Majalla/ PART II... Mecelle/İlk 100 MADDE ... Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Osmanlıca ... Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça... Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça Osmanlıca Türkçe.... Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Türkçe kelime izahlı... Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arabi Türki İzahlı ve Şerhli.... ESK/Mecelle/1-100.... ESK/Mecelle/1-100/Kelime İzahlı.... Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Osmanlıca... Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça... Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça Osmanlıca Türkçe... Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arabi Türki İzahlı ve Şerhli... MKK.. Mecellenin Külli Kaideleri.... Mecelle/Hukukun Kavaid-i Külliyesi

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D . 50. Md şablonu güzel. MKK. MKK1 . MKK/1-25.MKK/1-30.MECELLE. MC/Mukaddime MAKALE-İ ÛLÂ; İLM-i FIKHIN TARİF VE TAKSİMİ HAKKINDADIR . Definition of Jurisprudence: MC/1 . MC/2 . MC/3 . MC/4 . MC/5 . MC/6 . MC/7 . MC/8 . MC/9 . MC/10 . MC/7 MC/8 MC/9 MC/10 MC/11 MC/12 MC/13 MC/14 MC/15 MC/16 MC/17 MC/18 MC/19 MC/20 MC/21 MC/22 MC/23 MC/24 MC/25
MAKALE-İ SANİYE; KAVÂİD-İ FIKHİYYE BEYÂNINDADIR MC/2 - Bir işden maksad ne ise hüküm ona göredir. Yani bir iş üzerine terettüb edecek hüküm ol işten maksat ne ise ona göre olur.MC. 170, 769, 1240.; TMK. 1, 2, 3, 84, 114, 125.; TBK. 18, 20, , 41, 43, 48, 82, 83.; ZGB. 2., 3.; BGB. 157, 242, 932.; TCK. 45 MC/3 - Ukûdda itibar makâsıt ve maâniyedir, elfâz ve mebâniye değildir.MC. MC/262, MC/389, MC/648.; TMK. ı, 2, 3.; TBK ı, 18,25, 26, 154, 165, 178, 505.; MH. 314, Madde 4 - Şek ile yakin zâil olmaz.MC. MC/5, MC/6, MC/7, MC/8, MC/9, MC/10, MC/11, MC/12. Madde 5 - Bir şeylin bulunduğu hal üzere kalması asıldır.MC. MC/6, MC/10, MC/1685, MC/1776, MC/1777.; TMK IS Madde 6 - Kâdim kıdemi üzere zikrolunur.MC. MC/166, MC/1224, MC/1197.; MH. 48; TBK. 125 - 140. Madde 7- Zarar kadim olmaz.MC. MC/6 , MC/166, MC/1166, MC/1224; MH. 48.; TBK. 125 - 140. Madde 8 - Berâ'et-i zimmet asıldır.MC. MC/9, MC/612. Madde 9 — Sıfât-ı ârizada asl olan ademdir.MC/8, MC/332 Madde 10 — Bir zamanda sabit olan şeylin hilâfina delil olmadıkça bekâsıyla hükmolunur. MC MC/5, MC/1621, MC/1592. Madde 11 - Bir emr-i hâdisin akreb-i evkâtına izâfeti asıldır. MC MC/10, MC/5, MC/8; HUMK 299. Madde 12 - Kelâmda asl olan manây-ı hakîkîdir.MC. MC/13, MC/60, MC/61.; TMK ı, 2; TBK18. Madde 13 - Tasrih mukâbelesinde delâlete i'tibar yokdur.MC. MC/12, MC/772.; TBK. ı. 2:, HUMK. 234, Madde 14 - Mevrid-i nassda ictihâda mesâğ yoktur.MC. MC/15, MC/16, MC/167.; TMK. ı, 2; TBK 18. Madde 15 - Alâ hilâfi'l-kıyâs sâbit olan şey sâire makîsün-aleyh olamaz.MC. MC/14, MC/16. MC/1659. Madde 16 - İctihâd ile ictihâd nakz olmaz.MC. MC/14, MC/15.; TMK. 1; TCK. 44 Madde 17 - Meşakkat tesyîri celbeder.MC. MC/18, MC/19, MC/20, MC/205, MC/223, MC/396, MC/799.; TMK. 2 Madde 18 - Bir iş zîk oldukda müttesi olur.MC. MC/17. Madde 19 - Zarar ve mukâbele bi'z-zarâr yokdur.MC. MC/20, MC/25, MC/26, MC/27, 28, MC/29.; TMK. 41, 61, vd; Madde 20 - Zarar izâle olunur.MC. MC/19, MC/21, MC/22, MC/25, MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/30, MC/32, MC/998, MC/1201.; TBK 41 vd. Madde 21 - Zarûretler memnû' olan şeyleri mübah kilâr. MC. MC/22, MC/96, MC/97, MC/1007.; TBK. 52; TCK 49-50, 516/4. Madde 22 - Zarûretler kendi mikdarlarınca takdir olunur.MC.MC/21, MC/23.; TBK. 52; TCK. 49-50, 516/4 Madde 23 - Bir özür için câiz olan şey ol özrün zevâliyle bâtıl olur.MC. MC/22, MC/517. Madde 24 - Mâni' zâil oldukda memnû' avdet eder.MC. MC/19, MC/335, MC/345, MC/347, MC/372, MC/869, MC/870, MC/1647, MC/1653, MC/1654. Madde 25 - Bir zarar kendi misliyle izâle olunamaz.MC. MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/31, MC/965, MC/1141, MC/1288, MC/1312.; TCK 49-50, 516/4; TBK 52

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D MKK/25-50 Madde 25 - Bir zarar kendi misliyle izâle olunamaz. MC. MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/31, MC/965, MC/1141, MC/1288, MC/1312.; TCK 49-50, 516/4; TBK 52 Madde 26 - Zarar-ı âmmı def için zarar-ı has ihtiyâr olunur. MC. MC/20, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/1325. Madde 27 - Zarar-ı eşedd zarar-ı ehaf ile izâle olunur. MC. MC/25, MC/26, MC/20, MC/902, MC/906, MC/1044, MC/1224, MC/1440.; TMK. 656, 661 vd. Madde 28 - iki fesâd te'âruz etdikde ehaffí irtikâb ile a'zamının çaresine bakılır. MC. MC/20, MC/25, MC/26, MC/27, MC/29, MC/902.; TMK. 656, 661 vd. Madde 29 - Ehven-i şerreyn ihtiyâr olunur. MC. MC/21, MC/22, MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/902.; TMK. 656, 661 vd. Madde 30 - Def'-i mefâsid celb-i menâfi'den evlâdır. Madde 31 -Zarar bi-kadari'l-imkân def olunur. MC. MC/28, MC/29, MC/30, MC/532, MC/533.; TMK. 656 ve 661. Bu maddede bahsedilen kıyas, İslâm Huküku'nun ana kaynaklarından birisidir. Bibliyografi Ali Haydar, Mecelle şerhi, 1/67, Ömer Nasuhi, Hukûk-l İslâmiye, 1/171, vd. Zeydan, age. sil. vd. Madde 32 - Hâcet umûmî olsun husûsî olsun zarûret menzilesine tenzîl olunur. Bey ' bili-vefânın tecvîzi bu kabîldendir ki Buhara ahâlîsinde borç tekessür etdikçe görülen ihtiyaç üzerine bu mu'âmele mer'iyyü'l-icrâ olmuştur. MC. MC/21, MC/118, MC/205, MC/213, MC/396, MC/420. Madde 33 - Iztırar gayrın hakkını ibtâl etmez. Binâen-alâ-zâlik bir adam aç kalıb da birinin ekmeğini yese ba'dehû kıymetini vermesi lazım gelir. MC. MC/400, MC/1007.; TCK: 49-50/4; TBK. 52 Madde 34 - Alması memnû' olan şeyin vermesi dahi memnû' olur. TCK 64 67 MC MC/35 tbk 50 Madde 35 - İşlenmesi memnû' olan şeyin istenmesi dahi memnû' olur. TCK 64-67.; TBK 50.; MC. MC/34, MC/1818. Madde 36 - Âdet muhakkemdir. Yani hükm-i şer'iyi isbât için örf ve âdet hakem kılınır. Gerek âmm olsun ve gerek hâs olsun. MC. MC/37, MC/38, MC/39, MC/40, MC/41, MC/42, MC/43, MC/44, 45, MC/230, MC/251, MC/291, MC/450, MC/460, MC/469, MC/574, MC/575, MC/576, MC/1340, MC/1790, MC/188, MC/354, MC/495, MC/555, MC/622, MC/829.; TMK. 1/1, 590/11, 592/281, 285, 420, 423. Madde 37 - Nâsın isti'mâli bir hüccetdir ki anınla amel vâcib olur. I'MK ı; MC. MC/36, MC/168, MC/389, MC/495. Madde 38 - Âdeten mümteni' olan şey hakîkaten mümteni' gibidir. MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/39, MC/40, MC/1589, MC/1629. Madde 39 - Ezmanın tegayyürü ile ahkâm'ın tagayyürü inkâr olunamaz. MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/40, MC/244, MC/326, MC/596, MC/1716. Madde 40 - Âdetin delâletiyle ma'ânîy-ı hakîkî terk olunur. MC. MC/12, MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/39, MC/61, MC/82, MC/912, MC/1584.; TMK ı, 2.; TBK. 18 Madde 41- Âdet ancak muttarid yâhut galip oldukda mu'teber olur. MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/39, MC/40, MC/42, MC/240.; TMK ı Madde 42 - İ'tibâr galib-i şâyi'adır, nâdire değildir. MC. MC/41, MC/987.; TMK ı; HUMK 238 Madde 43 - Örfe ma'rûf olan şey şart kılınmış gibidir. TMK 1; TTK ı; MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/41, MC/42, MC/461, MC/563, MC/596, MC/871 Madde 44 - Beyne't-tüccâr ma'rûf olan şey beynlerinde meşrût gibidir. MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/790, MC/1463.; TMK 1/1, 2; TBK 18 Madde 45 - Örf ile ta'yîn nass ile ta'yîn gibidir, MC. MC/43, MC/44, MC/527, MC/528, MC/816, MC/1498, MC/1499.; TMK ı Madde 46 - Mâni' ve muktazi teâruz etdikde mâni' takdîm olunur. Binâen-alâ-zâlik bir adam borçlusu yedinde merhûn olan malını âhara satamaz. MC. MC/337, MC/350, MC/397, MC/96-MC/1192, MC/590-MC/1725, MC/756-MC/1192-MC/747, MC/1192-MC/1197, MC/1598-MC/1601. Madde 47 - Vücudda bir şeye tâbi' olan hükümde dahi ana tâbi' olur. tılmış olur. MC. MC/48, MC/50, MC/236, MC/903.; TMK. 619-622 Madde 48 - Tâbi' olan şeye ayrıca hüküm verilmez. Meselâ bir hayvanın karnındaki yavrusu ayrıca satılamaz. MC. MC/47, MC/216, MC/224, MC/856.; TMK. 619-622 Madde 49 - Bir şeye mâlik olan kimse ol şeyin zarûriyyâtmdan olan şeye dahi mâlik olur. Meselâ, bir hâneyi satın alan kimse ana mûsil olan tarîka dahi mâlik olur. MC. MC/232, MC/1194 Madde 50 - Asıl sâkıt oldukda fer' dahi sâkıt olur. MC. MC/81, MC/661, MC/662, MC/1527, MC/1530

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D MKK; MKK3 MKK/51-75

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D. MKK/75-100. MKK/4

Adobe Post 20190711 080718

Majalla/English

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D Şablon:Majalla bakınız .Portal:Mecelle. Majalla. Mecelle/English [5]
AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH (The Ottoman Courts Manual (Hanafi)) The Journal of The Verdicts of The Justice Mecelle/Dictionary ENG word .Mecelle/İngilizce/Düz metin Majalla 1. Sale (BUYU' 101-403 ). 2.Majalla/Book II BOOK II:Hire 404-611 . BOOK III: GUARANTEE

INTRODUCTION Definition and Classification of Turkic Jurisprudence MAXIMS OF TURKIC JURISPRUDENCE BOOK I BOOK II BOOK III BOOK IV BOOK V BOOK VI BOOK VII BOOK VIII BOOK IX BOOK X BOOK XI BOOK XII BOOK XIII BOOK XIV BOOK XV BOOK XVI
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BOOK IX. INTERDICTION, CONSTRAINT AND PRE-EMPTION[]

INTRODUCTION.

TERMS OF OTTOMAN JURISPRUDENCE RELATING TO INTERDICTION, CONSTRAINT AND PRE-EMPTION.

● 941. Interdiction consists of prohibiting any particular person from dealing with his own property. After interdiction, such person is called an interdicted person.

● 942. By permission is meant removing the interdiction and destroying the right of prohibition. The person to whom such permission is given is called the permitted person.

● 943. A minor of imperfect understanding is a young person who does not understand selling and buying, that is to say, who does not understand that ownership is lost by sale and acquired by purchase, and who is unable to distinguish obvious flagrant misrepresentation, that is misrepresentation amounting to five in ten, from minor representation. A minor who can distinguish between these matters is called a young person of perfect understanding.

● 944. Lunatics are divided into two classes. The first consists of persons who are continuously mad and whose madness lasts whole times. The second class consists of whose madness is intermittent, that is to say, persons who are sometimes mad and sometimes sane.

● 945. An imbecile is a person whose mind is so deranged that his comprehension is extremely limited, his speech confused, and whose actions are imperfect.

● 946. A prodigal person is a person who by reckless expenditure wastes and destroys his property to no purpose. Persons who are deceived in their business owing to their being stupid or simple-minded are also considered to be prodigal persons.

● 947. A person of mature mind is a person who is able to take control of his own property and who does not waste it to no purpose.

● 948. Constraint consists of wrongfully forcing a person through fear to do something without his consent. (*).( The translation of certain technical terms in this Article has been omitted as having no meaning for the English reader.)

● 949. constraint is divided into two classes. The first class consists of major constraint, whereby the death of a person or the loss of a limb is caused. The second consists of minor constraint whereby grief of pain alone is caused, such as assault or imprisonment.

● 950. Pre-emption consists of acquiring possession of a piece of property held in absolute ownership which has been purchased, by paying the purchaser the amount he gave for it.

● 951. The pre-emptor is the person enjoying the right of pre-emption.

● 951. The subject of pre-emption is real property to which the right of pre-emption is attached.

● 953. The subject matter of pre-emption is the property held in absolute ownership of the pre-emptor is virtue of which the right of pre-emption is exercised.

● 954. A joint owner of a servitude is a person who shares with another is right over property held in absolute ownership, such as a share in water, or a share in road.

● 955. A private right of taking water is a right of taking water from some flowing water reserved for a limited number of persons. But the right of taking water from rivers used by the public does not belong to this class.

● 956. A private road is a road from which there is no exit.

CHAPTER 1. MATTERS RELATING TO INTERDICTION.

SECTION 1. CLASSES OF INTERDICTED PERSONS AND MATTERS RELATING THERETO.

● 957. Minors, lunatics and imbeciles are ipso facto interdicted.

● 958. A person who is a prodigal may be interdicted by the court.

● 959. A person who is in debt may also be interdicted by the court upon the application of the creditors.

● 960. Any disposition of property such as sale and purchase on the part of interdicted persons referred to it in the preceding Articles, is invalid. Such persons, moreover, must immediately make good any loss caused by their own acts.

Example:- If A, even though he may be a young person of imperfect understanding, destroys property belonging to B, he must make good the loss.

● 961. Upon the court declaring a prodigal and a person in debt to be interdicted, the reason for such interdiction must be given, and announced in public.

● 962. It is not essential that the person whom the court intends to interdict should be present. He may validly be interdicted in his absence. Such person must, however, be informed of the interdiction; and the interdiction does not take effect until he has been so informed. Consequently, any contracts or admissions made by him up to that date are valid.

● 963. Provided he has not squandered his property, a person of dissolute character may not be interdicted solely by reason of his dissolute conduct.

● 964. Persons who cause injury to the public, such as an ignorant physician, may also be interdicted. In such cases, however, the object of the interdiction is to restrain them from practice, and not to prohibit them from dealing with their property.

● 965. No person who carries on business or trade in the market may be restrained from carrying on the same by reason of the fact that other persons carrying on such business or trade allege that their work is being ruined thereby. SECTION II. MATTERS RELATING TO MINOR, LUNATICS AND IMBECILES.

● 966. A minor of imperfect understanding may not in any manner make any valid disposition of his property, even through his tutor assents thereto.

● 967. Any disposition of property entered into by a minor of imperfect understanding, which is purely for his own benefit, such as the acceptance of gift and presents, is valid, even though his tutor does not assent thereto. Any disposition of property, however, which is purely to his own disadvantage, such as bestowing a thing upon another by way of gift, is invalid, even though the tutor assents thereto. But in the case of contracts where it is not certain whether they will be for his benefit or disadvantage, such contracts are concluded subject to the permission of the tutor. The tutor has the option of giving or withholding his consent. Thus, if he thinks that it is to the advantage of the minor, he will give his consent, and not otherwise.

Example:- A minor of perfect understanding sells certain property without permission. The execution of the sale is subject to the assent of his tutor, even though he has sold it for a price which is greater than the value thereof, the reason being that the contract of sale is one where it is not certain whether it will be for his advantage or disadvantage.

● 968. Tutor may give a minor of perfect understanding a portion of his property on trial with which to engage in business, and if it turns out as a result that he is of mature mind, he may deliver him the balance of such property. Article

● 969. The repeated conclusion of contracts from which the intention to make profit may be inferred, amounts to permission to engage in business.

Example:- A tutor tell a minor to engage in business, or to buy and sell property of a certain nature. This amounts to permission to engage in business. But if he merely authorises him to conclude a single contract, as where he states that certain things are to be found in the market and tells him to buy them, or tells him to sell a certain thing, such act does not amount to permission to engage in business, but the tutor is considered to have employed such minor as agent in accordance with custom.

● 970. Permission given by the tutor may not be made subject to any condition as to time and place, or limited to any particular type of business.

Example:-

(1). The tutor gives permission to a minor of perfect understanding for a period of one day or one month. The minor has full and absolute permission, and may act for all time, until the tutor makes him interdicted.

(2) The tutor tells the minor to engage in trade in a certain market. The minor may engage in trade anywhere.

(3). The tutor tell the minor to buy and sell property of a particular sort. The minor may buy and sell any sort of property. ● 971. Permission may be given explicitly or by implication.

Example:- A minor of perfect understanding engages in business with the knowledge of his tutor, who makes no comment thereon and does not prohibit him from so doing. The tutor has given him permission by implication.

● 972. When permission is given to a minor by his tutor, such minor is considered to have arrived at the age of puberty in respect to the matters included in the permission. Contract such as those relating to sale and hire are valid.

● 973. A tutor who has given permission to a minor may later revoke such permission by making the minor interdicted, but the interdiction must take the same from as the permission. Example:- A tutor gives a general permission to a minor to engage in business. After this permission has become known to people in the market, he wishes to make the minor interdicted. The interdiction must in the same way be made general, and must be made known to the majority of the people in the market. It is not enough for him to be made interdicted in his own house in the presence of two or three persons.

● 974. The tutor of a minor in this connection is

(1) His father.

(2). If his father is dead, the guardian chosen, that is to say, the guardian chosen and appointed by the father during his lifetime.

(3). If the guardian chosen is dead, then the guardian appointed by him during his life time.

(4). The true ancestor, that is to say, the father of the father of the minor, or the father of the father of his father.

(5). The The guardian chosen and appointed by such ancestor during his lifetime.

(6). The guardian appointed by such guardian.

(7). The court, or the guardian appointed, that is to say, the guardian appointed by the court.

Any permission given by a brother, or an uncle, or other relative who are not guardians, is invalid.

● 975. If the Court deems it in the interest of a minor that he allowed to dispose of property, and a senior tutor of such minor refuses to give permission, the Court may give the minor permission to do so, and no other tutor may under any circumstances make such minor interdicted.

● 976. In the event of the death of a tutor who has given permission to a minor, thee permission which he has given becomes void. BUt the permission given by the Court does not becomes null and void by reason of the death or dismissal of the judge.

● 977. A minor who has been granted permission by the Court may be interdicted by such Court or by the successor of the judge who granted such permission. The father, or any other tutor, however, may not make the minor interdicted after the death or dismissal of such judge.

● 978. An imbecile is considered to be a minor of perfect understanding.

● 979. Lunatics who are continuously mad are considered to be minor of imperfect understanding.

● 980. Acts of disposition over property by lunatics who are not continuously mad, and performed during a lucid interval, are like acts of disposition over property performed by the sane person.

● 981. When a young person arrives at the age of puberty, there should be no undue haste in handing his property to him, but his capacity should be put to test. and if it turns out that he is of mature mind, his property should then be given to him.

● 982. If a young person who is not of mature mind arrives at the age of puberty, his property should not be handed to him and he should be prohibited as previously from dealing with the, until it has been proved that the is of mature mind.

● 983. If property is handed by a guardian to a minor before it has been proved that he is of mature mind, and such property is lost while in the possession of the minor, or the minor destroys the same, the guardian must make good the loss.

● 984. If property is handed to a minor upon his reaching the age of puberty, and if is later proved that he is a prodigal, such person shall be interdicted by the Court.

● 985. Puberty is proved by the emission of seed during dreams, by the power to make pregnant, by, menstruation, and by the capacity to conceive.

● 986. The commencement of the age of puberty in the case of males is twelve years completed and in the case of females nine years completed. The termination of the age of puberty in both cases is fifteen years completed. If a male on reaching twelve have not arrived at the age of puberty, they are said to be approaching puberty until such time as they do in fact arrive at the age of puberty.

● 987. Any person who upon reaching the termination of the age of puberty, shows no signs of puberty, is considered in law to have arrived at the age of puberty.

● 988. If any young person who has not arrived at the commencement at the age of puberty brings an action to prove that he has in fact arrived at the age of puberty, such action shall not be heard.

● 989. If a male of female approaching the age of puberty admit in Court that they have arrived at the age of puberty, and the condition of their bodies shows that their admission is false, such admission shall not be confirmed. If, however, the condition of their bodies shows that their admission is true, their admission should be confirmed, and that their contracts and admissions are executory and valid. If such persons later state that at the time they made the admission they had not arrived at the age of puberty, and seek to annul any disposition they may have made over their property, no attention shall be paid thereto.

SECTION III. INTERDICTED PRODIGALS.

● 990. An interdicted prodigal is, as regards his civil transactions, like a minor of perfect understanding. The court alone, however, may be the tutor of the prodigal. The father, ancestor and guardians have no right of tutorship over him.

● 991. Any disposition of property by the prodigal after interdiction as regards his civil transactions are invalid. Any such dispositions made prior to the interdiction are the same as those of other people.

● 992. Any expenditure necessary for the interdicted prodigal or for those dependent upon him for support may be made from his own property.

● 993. If the interdicted prodigal sells property, such sale is not executory. If the court thinks that any benefit may be derived therefrom, however, it may validate such sale.

● 994. An admission made by an interdicted prodigal of a debt due to another is absolutely invalid, that is to say, any admission made in respect to property in existence at the time the interdiction was declared, or accruing thereafter, is without effect.

● 995. Any claim which any person may have against an interdicted prodigal shall be paid from the prodigal's property.

● 996. If an interdicted prodigal borrows money and uses it for his personal expenditure, and the amount thereof is not excessive, the Court shall repay such money from the prodigal's property. If it is excessive, however, the Court shall estimate the amount necessary for his maintenance and disallow the rest.

● 997. If the interdicted prodigal reforms, the interdiction may be removed by the Court.

SECTION IV. INTERDICTION OF DEBTORS.

● 998. If it is clear to the Court that the debtor is putting off paying his creditors, although he is able to pay, and the creditors ask the court to sell the property of the debtor and pay his debts therefrom, the Court shall prohibit the debtor from dealing with his property.

Should the debtor himself refuse to sell his property and pay his debts therefrom, the Court shall do so. The Court shall begin by selling those things which are most advantageous to the debtor.

The Court shall first deal with the cash assets and if these are not sufficient the merchandise, and if that is not sufficient, the real property of the debtor.

● 999. If the debtor is bankrupt, that is to say, if his debts are equal to or exceed his property, and the creditors fear that his property will be lost by trading, or that he will dispose of his property in fraud of his creditors, or that he will make it over to some other person, they may make application to the Court and ask for such person to be prohibited from dealing with his property or admitting a debt to some other person, and the Court shall then declare the debtor to be interdicted and shall sell his property and divide the proceeds among the creditors. One or two suits of clothes shall be left for the debtor. If the debtor's clothes, however, are expensive, and it is possible to do with less expensive clothes, such clothes shall be sold and a suit of cheap clothes shall be bought from the sum realised and the balance should be paid to the creditors. Again, if the debtor has a large country house and a smaller one is sufficient for him, such country house shall be sold and a suitable dwelling purchased from the sum realised, and the balance given to the creditors.

● 1000. Any expenditure necessary for the maintenance of an insolvent debtor during the period of his interdiction, or for persons dependent upon him for support, shall be paid from the debtor's property.

● 1001. Interdiction on account of debt only applies to property of the debtor in existence at the time the interdiction was declared. It does not apply to any property accruing to the debtor after the interdiction.

● 1002. The interdiction applies to anything likely to destroy the rights of the creditors, such as making gifts and bestowing alms and selling property at less than the estimated value.

Consequently, any contracts entered into by a bankrupt debtor which are prejudicial to the rights of creditors, and other dispositions of property and gifts, are invalid in respect to property which existed at the time the interdiction was pronounced. They are valid, however, in respect to a debt relating to any property in existence at the time the interdiction was pronounced. They are valid, however, in respect to property acquired after the interdiction was pronounced. Any admission made to any other person in respect to a debt relating to any property in existence at the time the interdiction was pronounced, is invalid. After the interdiction has been removed, however, the admission is valid, and he is liable to make payment thereof. If he acquires property after the interdiction has been pronounced, an admission that he will make payment therefrom is executory.

CHAPTER II. CONSTRAINT.

● 1003. The person who causes constraint must be capable of carrying out his threat. Consequently, the threat of any person who is unable to put such threat into execution, is considered to be of no effect.

● 1004. The person who is the subject of constraint must be afraid of the occurrence of the event with which he is threatened. That is to say, he must have become convinced that the person causing the constraint would carry out his threat in the event of his failing to do what he was being constrained to do.

● 1005. Constraint is considered to be effective if the person who is the subject of such constraint performs the act he has been forced to do, in the presence of the person causing constraint, or of his representative. But if he performs such act in the absence of the person causing the constraint or of his representative, such act is not considered to have been caused by constraint since he has performed the act freely after the cessation of the constraint.

Example:- A brings constraint to bear on B to oblige him to sell property to C. B sells the property to C. in the absence of A or of his representative. The sale is considered to be valid and the constraint ineffective.

● 1006. Contracts of sale, purchase, hire, gift, transfer of real property, settlement in regard to property, admission, release, postponement of debt and renunciation of a right of pre-emption, if entered into as a result of effective constraint, are invalid, whether caused by major constraint or minor constraint. If the person subject to constraint ratifies the contract after the cessation of the constraint, such contract is valid.

● 1007. Major constraint applies not only to cases of formal dispositions of property as referred to above, but also to dispositions of property by conduct. Minor constraint, however, only applies to formal dispositions of property and not to dispositions of property by conduct. Consequently, if a person tells another to destroy the property of a certain person or he will murder him, or destroy one of his limbs, and the person who is subject of such constraint does destroy the property, the constraint is effective and the person responsible for the constraint alone may be called upon to make good the loss. But if a person tells another to destroy property of a certain person, or he will strike him or imprison him and he does destroy such property, the constraint is not effective, and the person destroying such property alone may be called upon to make good the loss.

CHAPTER III. PRE-EMPTION.

SECTION 1. DEGREES OF PRE-EMPTION.

● 1008. There are three causes of pre-emption.

(1). Where a person is the joint owner of the property sold itself. As where two persons jointly own an undivided share of real property.

(2). Where a person is part of a servitude in the thing sold. As where a person shares is a private right of taking water or in a private road. (see 3rd at the end of Examples)

Examples:-

(1) One of several gardens each having shares in a private right of taking water is sold. Each of theowners of the other gardens obtains a right of pre-emption, whether they are adjoining neighbours or not.

(2) A house opening on to a private road is sold. Each of the owners of the other houses giving onto the private road obtains a right of pre-emption, whether they are adjoining neighbours or not.

But if a house taking water from a river which is open to the use of the public or the doors of which give on to a public road is sold, the owners of the other houses taking water from such river, or which give on to the public road, do not possess any right of pre-emption.

(3) Where a person is adjoining neighbour to the thing sold.

● 1009. The right of pre-emption belongs:

First, to the person who is a joint owner of the thing sold.

Second, to the person who is a joint owner of the servitude over the thing sold. Third, to the adjoining neighbour.

If the first person claims his right of pre-emption, the others lose theirs. If the second person claims his right of pre-emption, the third person loses his.

● 1010. If a person is not a joint owner of the thing sold, or if, being a joint owner, he has renounced his right of pre-emption, and there is a person who has a share in a servitude in the thing sold, such person possesses a right of pre-emption. Should there be no person having a servitude in the thing sold, or, should there be one, and such person renounces his right thereto, the right of pre-emption accrues to the adjoining neighbour.

q Example:- A sells real property which he owns in absolute ownership to the exclusion of any other person, or A, being a joint owner of real property, sells his undivided jointly owned share therein and his partner relinquishes his right of pre-emption to such real property, and there is a person enjoying a private right of taking water who is part owner is a servitude over a private road. The right of pre-emption belongs to such person. Should there be no such person, or, in the event of there being such a person, that person relinquishes his right thereto, the right of pre-emption accrues to the adjoining neighbour.

● 1011. Where the upper portion, that is, the top storey belongs to one person and the lower portion, that is the lower storey of a building belongs to another, such persons are considered to be adjoining neighbours.

● 1012. Where a person is joint owner of the wall of a house, he is considered to be joint owner of such house. And if, while not being joint owner of the wall, the beams of his own house rest upon his neighbour's wall, he is considered to be an adjoining neighbour. The mere fact, however, that such person enjoys the right of putting the ends of his beams upon such wall does not entitle him to be considered as a joint owner or as a person sharing in a servitude over such property.

● 1013. Should there be several persons enjoying a right of pre- emption, they are dealt with according to their numbers and not according to the number of parts, that is shares, which they hold.

Example:- A holds a half share in a house, and B and C hold a third and sixth share respectively.

In the event of the owner of the half share selling such share to another person, and of B and C claiming the right of pre-emption, the half share is divided between them equally. B, the owner of the share of one third, may not claim to have a larger share granted to him on the basis of his prior holding.

● 1014. Where two classes of persons having joint shares in a servitude come together, the particular take precedence over the general.

Example:-

(1). Where a person who is the owner of a garden owned in absolute ownership, situated on land enjoying the right of taking water from a creek opening from a small river to which a right of taking water is also attached sells such garden, those persons having a right of taking water from the creek have a prior right of pre-emption. But if a person who is owner of a garden owned in absolute ownership situated on land enjoying the right of taking water from such river,sells his garden, all persons enjoying the right of taking water, whether from the river, or from the creek, possess a right of pre-emption.

(2). A person who is the owner of a house held in absolute ownership the door of which opens on to a blind alley which branches off from another blind alley, sells such house. Those persons the of whose houses open on to the branch blind alley possess a right of pre-emption. But if the owner of a house the door of which opens on to the principal blind alley sells such house, all persons having a right of way, whether over the principal or branch blind alley, possess a right of pre-emption.

● 1015. If the owner of a garden possessing a private right of taking water sells such garden without the right of taking water, those persons who share in the right of taking water cannot claim a right of pre-emption. The same principle is applied in the case of a private road.

● 1016. A right of taking water is preferred to a right of way. Therefor, if upon the sale of a garden in respect of which one person is the joint owner of a private right of taking water and another of a private right of way attaching thereto, the owner of the right of taking water is preferred to the owner of the right of way.

SECTION II. CONDITIONS ATTACHING TO THE RIGHT OF PRE-EMPTION.

● 1017. The property to which the right of pre-emption attaches must be real property held in absolute ownership. Therefore, no right of pre-emption can attach to a ship or other movable property, nor to real property which has been dedicated to pious purposes, nor to state land.

● 1028. The property on account of which the right of pre-emption is claimed must also be held in absolute ownership. Consequently, upon the sale of real property held in absolute ownership, the trustee or tenant of adjacent real property which has been dedicated to pious purposes cannot claim a right of pre-emption.

● 1019. No right of pre-emption may be claimed in respect to trees and buildings held in absolute ownership and situated on land dedicated to pious purposes, or on state land, since these are regarded as movable property.

● 1020. In the event of a piece of land held in absolute ownership being sold together with the trees and buildings standing thereon, such trees and buildings, since they follow the land, are also subject to the right of pre-emption. But if such trees and buildings alone are sold, no right of pre-emption can be claimed.

● 1021. Pre-emption can only be established by a contract of sale.

● 1022. A gift subject to compensation is regarded as a sale. Consequently, if a person who is the owner of a house in absolute ownership bestows such house upon another by way of gift subject to compensation and gives delivery thereof, this adjoining neighbour has a right of pre-emption.

● 1023. No right of pre-emption attaches to real property given to others in absolute ownership without payment, as in cases of gift without right of compensation, inheritance, or bequest.

● 1024. The person claiming the right of pre-emption must not have agreed to the sale which has been concluded, either expressly or by implication.

Examples:-

(1). If A, upon hearing of the conclusion of the sale expresses his concurrence therein, he loses his right of pre-emption, and he may not thereafter claim any such right.

(2). If A, after having heard of the conclusion of the sale, seeks to buy or to hire the property to which the right of pre-emption attaches from the purchaser, he loses his right of pre-emption.

Similarly, no right of pre-emption can be claimed by a person who has sold real property as agent for some other person. ( see Article 100).

● 1025. The price must consist of property the amount of which is clearly ascertained. Consequently, there is no right of pre-emption is respect of real property transferred in absolute ownership for a price which does not consist of property.

Examples:-

(1). A sells a house which he owns in absolute ownership for the rent accruing from the letting of a bath. No right of pre-emption can be claimed because in this case the price of the house in not clearly ascertained, but in rent which is in the nature of an interest.

(2). There is no right of pre-emption in respect to real property held in absolute ownership and which is given as a marriage portion.

● 1026. The vendor must have divested himself of his absolute ownership in the thing sold.

Consequently, in the case of a voidable sale, so long as the vendor retains the right to demand the return of the thing sold, there is no right of pre-emption. In the case of sale subject to an option, however, there is a right of pre-emption if the person possessing the option is the purchaser only. If the vendor has a right of option, however, there is no right of pre-emption until the vendor has divested himself of his right of option. But the existence of an option for defect or for inspection is no bar to the assertion of a right of pre-emption.

● 1027. There is no right of pre-emption upon the division of real property. Example:- If the joint owners of a house jointly owned divide such house among themselves, the adjoining neighbour has no right of pre- emption.

SECTION III. THE CLAIM OF PRE-EMPTION.

● 1028. Three claims must be made in cases of pre-emption.

(1). A claim made immediately upon hearing of the sale;

(2). A claim made formally and in the presence of witnesses;

(3). A claim that the person alleging the right of pre-emption is entitled to bring an action and to be granted absolute ownership of the property.

● 1029. The person claiming the right of pre-emption must at the moment he heard of the conclusion of the sale, make a statement showing that he claims the right of pre-emption, as by saying that he is the person who has the right of the property sold subject to pre-emption, or that he claims the property by way of pre-emption. The claim is referred to as the claim made immediately upon hearing of the sale.

● 1030. After having made a claim immediately upon hearing of the sale, the person claiming the right of pre-emption must make a claim formally and in the presence of witnesses.

Thus, such person must say in the presence of two witnesses, and by the side of the property sold, that such and such a person has bought the real property in question, or, being by the side of the purchaser, must say that such person has bought such and such a piece of real property or, if the property sold is still in the possession of the vendor, must say by the side of the vendor that the latter has sold the real property in question to such and such a person, but that he has a right of pre-emption thereto, and that he calls such person to witness that he has made a further claim at that moment.

If the person claiming the right of pre-emption is in some distant place and is not in a position personally to make a claim formally and in the presence of witnesses, he may appoint a person as his agent to do so. If he is unable to find an agent, he may send a letter.

● 1031. After having made a claim formally and in the presence of witnesses, the person claiming the right of pre-emption must make a claim before the court and bring a action. This is called a claim to bring an action and to be granted absolute ownership of the property.

● 1032. If the person claiming the right of pre-emption delays in making his claim immediately upon hearing of the sale, he loses his right of pre-emption at the moment he hears of the sale, but behaves in a manner tending to show that he does not intend to pursue his claim such as dealing with some other matter, or engaging in conversation regarding a different subject, or if he goes away without making any claim to pre-emption whatsoever, such person loses his right of pre-emption.

● 1033. If the person claiming the right of pre-emption delays in making his claim formally and in the presence of witnesses for any time longer that is necessary for him to act, even though it be by letter, such person loses his right of pre-emption.

● 1034. If the person claiming the right of pre-emption delays without any legal excuse, as where he is in some other country, for more than one month in making a claim formally and in the presence of witnesses, such person loses his right of pre-emption.

● 1035. The tutor of an interdicted person may claim the right of pre-emption of behalf of such person. If a tutor fails to claim a right of pre-emption on behalf of a minor, such minor is not entitled to claim by way of pre-emption after he has reached the age of puberty.

SECTION IV. THE EFFECT OF PRE-EMPTION.

● 1036. The person who is entitled to a right of pre-emption becomes owner of the property to which such right attaches, either by the purchaser handing over such property as the result of mutual agreement, or by virtue of a judgement issued by the court.

● 1037. The act of taking over property held in absolute ownership, by way of pre-emption, is equivalent to buying such property in the first instance.

Consequently, rights which are valid in the case of original purchase, such as the option of inspection and the option for defect, are also valid in the case of pre-emption.

● 1038. If the person claiming the right of pre-emption dies after having made both the immediate and formal claims, but without becoming the owner of the property to which the right of pre-emption attaches owing to such property having been handed over by the purchaser either by way of mutual agreement or as the result of a judgement of the court, the right of pre-emption is not transferred to his heirs.

● 1039. If the person claiming the right of pre-emption sells the property by virtue of which he holds a right of pre-emption after having made the two claims a set out above, but without having become owner of the property to which the right of pre-emption attaches, such person loses his right of pre-emption.

● 1040. If a piece of real property held in absolute ownership adjoining property subject to the right of pre-emption is sold before the person claiming the right of pre-emption attaches as set out above, such person person cannot claim a right of pre-emption in the second piece of real property.

● 1041. Pre-emption does not admit of division. Consequently, the person claiming the right of pre-emption has no right to reject a portion of the property to which the right of pre-emption attaches and take the rest.

● 1042. None of the holders of a right of pre-emption may bestow their right upon other holders by way of gift. If they do so, their right of pre-emption is lost.

● 1042. If any holder of a right of pre-emption relinquishes such right prior to the judgement of the court, any other person possessing a right of pre-emption may take the whole of the real property to which the right of pre-emption attaches. If any holder of a right of pre-emption relinquishes his right of pre-emption after judgement by the court, such person's right does not accrue to any other person holding a right of pre-emption.

● 1044. If the purchaser adds something to the building to which the right of pre-emption attaches, such as paint, the person possessing the right of pre- emption has the option either of leaving such building or of taking it and paying the price of such addition, together with the price of the building. If the purchaser has erected buildings upon the real property to which the right of pre-emption attaches, or has planted trees thereon, the holder of the right of pre-emption has an option of leaving such real property, or of taking it and paying the price thereof together with the value of such buildings and trees. If he does not do so, he cannot force the purchaser to pull down the buildings and uproot the trees.

PROMULGATED BY ROYAL IRADAH, 16TH REBI UL AKHIR, 1290.

AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH

(The Ottoman Courts Manual)



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ENGLISH: AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH
(The Journal of The Verdicts of The Justice or The Ottoman Courts Manual)
Tam metin :Mecelle/İngilizce/Düz metin - Mecelle/English ENG word. (Majalla : INTRODUCTION .Part I: Article 1 :Majalla/Definition and Classification of Turkic Jurisprudence - Article 2: Majalla/ PART IIMajalla/MAXIMS OF TURKIC JURISPRUDENCE. (2-99 articles) +1.Book I: SALE (BUYU': 101-403 )+ 2.Book II:RENT (İCÂRAT: 404 -611 ) + 3.Book III:((612-672))Guarantee + 4.BookIV :Transfer of Debt: (673-700) + 5. Book V :Pledges (701-761)+ 6. Book VI Trust and trusteeship (762-832)+ 7.Book VII: Gift (833-880)+ 8. Book VIII: Wrongful Appropriation and Destructions WRONGFUL APPROPRIATION AND DESTRUCTION(881-940)+ 9.BookIX:Interdiction, Constraint and Pre-emption: (941-1044) + 10.Book 10: Joint Ownership (1045-1148)+ 11. Book 11: Agency (1449-1530) + 12. Book 12: Settlement and Release (1531-1571) + 13.Book 13: Admissions (1572-1612)+ 14.Book 14: Actions (1613-1675) + 15. Book 15: Evidence and Administration of an Oath (1676-1783)+ 16. Book 16: Administration of Justice by the Courts (1784-1851)
Mecelle/Dictionary . Mecelle/Fransızca - Mecelle/Arabî . Mecelle/Osmani ❍ (Majalla : Introduction .INTRODUCTION .Part I: Article 1 :PART II :Majalla/Definition and Classification of Turkic Jurisprudence . Majalla/ PART II:Majalla/MAXIMS OF TURKIC JURISPRUDENCE. (2-99 articles)
Book IMajalla/Book I: : BUYU' (SALE) ● Book 1: Sale. 1.Kitap: Kitab'ul Büyû' Bir mukaddime ve 7 bab (101-403)
Book IIMajalla/Book II: RENT(İCARAT)● Book 2: Hire : 2.Kitap: Kitab'ul İcârât Bir mukaddime 8 Bab (403-611)
Book IIIMajalla/Book III: ● Book 3: Guarantee : 3.Kitap: Kitab'ul Kefâlet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (612-672)
Book IVMajalla/Book VI:● Book 4: Transfer of Debt :4.Kitap: Kitab'ul Havâle Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (673-700)
Book VMajalla/Book V● Book 5: Pledges :5.Kitap: Kitab'ul Rehn Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (701-761)
Book VIMajalla/Book VI● Book 6: Trust and trusteeship : 6.Kitap: Kitab'ul Emanet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (762-832)
Book VIIMajalla/Book VII ● Book 7: Gift .7.Kitap: Kitab'ul Hibe Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (833-880)
Book VIIIMajalla/Book VIII● Book 8: Wrongful Appropriation and Destructions WRONGFUL APPROPRIATION AND DESTRUCTION8.Kitap: Kitab'ul Gasb ve-l İtlaf Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (881-940)
Book IXMajalla/Book IX: Interdiction, Constraint and Pre-emption ●Book 9: Interdiction, Constraint and Pre-emption . 9.Kitap: Kitab'ul Hacr ve-l İkrah Veş-Şuf'a Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (941-104
Book XMajalla/Book X● Book 10: Joint Ownership 10.Kitap: -Kitab'ul Şirket Bir Mukaddime 8 Bab (1045-1148)
Book XIMajalla/Book XI● Book 11: Agency . 11.Kitap: Kitab'ul Vekalet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (1449-1530)
Book XIIMajalla/Book XII● Book 12: Settlement and Release :12.Kitap: Kitab'ul Sulh ve-l İbra Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1531-1571)
Book XIIIMajalla/Book XIII● Book 13: Admissions :13.Kitap: Kitab'ul İkrarBir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1572-1612)
Book XIVMajalla/Book XIV● Book 14: Actions :14.Kitap: Kitab'ul Da'vâ Bir Mukaddime 12 Bab (1613-1675)
Book XVMajalla/Book XV ● Book 15: Evidence and Administration of an Oath. 15.Kitap: Kitab'ul Beyyinat ve't-Tahlif Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1676-1783)
Book XVIMajalla/Book XVI ● Book 16: Administration of Justice by the Courts 16.Kitap: Kitab'ul Kazâ Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1784-1851)
KaynaklarMajalla English Word text

Dosya:ENG Ottoman Majalle (Civil Law).pdf

The Journal of The Verdicts of The Justice
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Portal:Mecelle: Mecelle• مجلة• المجلة Son:Eyüp Sabri Kartal çalışmaları:ESK/Mecelle . Mecelle/İngilizce/Düz metin. KBVT . Mecelle/Türki Arabi Terim ve Lügat izahlı, Mecelle/Tr- Eng - Arb- Fransızca - Osmanî - Mecelle/Vecizeler . Fihrist-i Mecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliye . MC/1. MC/2• MC/90
Mecelle/Arabî. Mecelle/Osmani .Mecelle/Fransızca Dosya:Mecelle Fransızca legislation ottomon ikogoog.pdf.
1.KitapMecelle/Mukaddime: 1- Fıkhın tarifi(1) ve 2 -Kavaid -i Külliye (1-100) - Kitab'ul Büyû' Bir mukaddime ve 7 bab (101-403)
2.KitapKitab'ul İcârât Bir mukaddime 8 Bab (403-611)
  • 3.Kitap: Kitab'ul Kefâlet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (612-672)
  • 4.Kitap: Kitab'ul Havâle Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (673-700)
  • 5.Kitap: Kitab'ul Rehn Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (701-761)
  • 6.Kitap: Kitab'ul Emanet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (762-832)
  • 7.Kitap: Kitab'ul Hibe Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (833-880)
  • 8.Kitap: Kitab'ul Gasb ve-l İtlaf Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (881-940)
  • 9.Kitap: Kitab'ul Hacr ve-l İkrah Veş-Şuf'a Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (941-1044)
  • 10.Kitap: Kitab'ul Şirket Bir Mukaddime 8 Bab (1045-1148)
  • 11.Kitap: Kitab'ul Vekalet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (1449-1530)
  • 12.Kitap: Kitab'ul Sulh ve-l İbra Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1531-1571)
  • 13.Kitap: Kitab'ul İkrar Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1572-1612)
  • 14.Kitap: Kitab'ul Da'vâ Bir Mukaddime 12 Bab (1613-1675)
  • 15.Kitap: Kitab'ul Beyyinat ve't-Tahlif Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1676-1783
  • 16.Kitap: Kitab'ul Kazâ Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1784-1851) (42)
    • ArapçaMecelle/Arapça luğatte .مجلة. Ve الجمع Cem'i : meccal( مجالّ) ve meccalat (مجلاَّت) *El-mecelle; Kitap المَجَلَّة : الكتاب

    المَجَلَّة : الصَّحيفةُ تَجْمَعُ طرائف المعرفة وتقال في عصرنا هذا لكل صحيفة عامّةٍ أَو متخصِّصة في فن من الفنون تظهر في أَوقات معينة ، بخلاف الصّحف اليوميَّة

    Cem'i والجمع : مجالُّ ، مَجَلاَّتٌ Akademik personel anlamında kullanılır
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    VPMecelle/VP - Mecelle/WP[6] - Mecelle/WP Arabi
    AlakalıEster - Esther -Aşir - Aşur - Aysu - Esau - Isaiah Book of Esther [7] (Ester kitabı [8]) :Hz.Muhammed as hakkında haberler vardır. İbni Kesir Peygamber olduğunu söyler.
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    MECELLE:Mecelle/Esbâb-ı Mûcibe Mazbatası
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    MECELLE : MUKADDİME:INTRODUCTION -MAKALE-İ ÛLÂ .(1.KISIM) : İLM-i FIKHIN TARİF VE TAKSİMİ HAKKINDADIR .MAJALLA: PART I: Definition of Jurisprudence . MKK
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    MECELLE :MUKADDİME:MAKALE-İ SANİYE (Mecelle/2.KISIM) . MKK - HKK : Mecellenin Külli Kaideleri .Kavaid -i Külliye (KÜLLİ KAİDELER: MAXIMS OF JURISPRUDENCE: Principes fondamentaux du Droit Sacré :MC/1 . MC/2 . MC/10 . MC/15 . MC/90 Mecelle/Madde 90 . Mecelle/Kartelalar Mecelle/resimler https://www.picbear.org/tag/Mecelle

    Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça Osmanlıca Türkçe .MKK/Düz Metin

    . MKK/Düz Metin linkli
    Hukuki deyimler . Fıkhi deyimler . Beraat-ı zimmet - İstishab - Yakin delili - Mütevatir delili

    Malumu Âlinizdir ki füru', asla tâbidir. Asıl resmî olmazsa, füru' da resmî olmaz.

    Batıl makîsünaleyh olamaz. Kanun namına protesto ederim .Majalla/Inrtoduction Mecelle/Mukaddime
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    MKK: MKK1. MKK/1-30 MKK/1-25. MKK/Düz Metin linkli
    MC/1 . MC/2 . MC/3 . MC/4 . MC/5 . MC/6 . MC/7 . MC/8 . MC/9 . MC/10 . MC/11 . MC/12 . MC/13 . MC/14 . MC/15 . MC/16 . MC/17 . MC/18 . MC/19 . MC/20 . MC/21 . MC/22 . MC/23 . MC/24 . MC/25
    MC/1“#İlm-i fıkh, mesâil-i şer’iyye-i ameliyeyi bilmektir ”. علم الفقه معرفة المسائل الشرعية العملية . #The science of jurisprudence consists of a knowledge of the precepts of the Divine Legislator in their relation to human affairs . #علم فقه مسائل شرعيهء عملية يي بيلمكدر . Hukuk ilmi, mesail-i meşruiyye-i ameliyeyi bilmektir. ESK İlm-i Fıkh: Fıkıh ilmi .Mesail: Meseleler Mesâil-i şer’iyye-i ameliye: Amellerle ilgili hukuki meseleler . Mecelle/Madde 1 .
    MC/2“#Bir işten maksat ne ise hüküm ona göredir.”2. A matter is determined according to intention; that is to say, the effect to be given to any particular transaction must conform to the object of such transaction. 170, 769, 1240.; TMK. 1, 2, 3, 84, 114, 125.; TBK. 18, 20, , 41, 43, 48, 82, 83.; ZGB. 2., 3.; BGB. 157, 242, 932.; TCK. 45
    MC/3“#Ukudda itibar mekasıd ve meaniyedir; elfaz ve mebaniye değildir.3.”In contracts effect is given to intention and meaning and not to words and phrases. Madde 3 - Ukûdda itibar makâsıt ve maâniyedir, elfâz ve mebâniye değildir.

    MC. MC/262, MC/389, MC/648.; TMK. ı, 2, 3.; TBK ı, 18,25, 26, 154, 165, 178, 505.; MH. 314,

    Ukud: Akitler . Mekasıd: Maksatlar . Meani: Manalar .Elfaz: Lafızlar, kelimeler .Mebani: Beyanlar, açıklamalar
    MC/4#Şek ile yakin zail olmaz . el-yakînu lâ yezûlü bi'ş-şekk) .● 4. Certainty is not dispelled by doubt . Şek: Doubtdispelled:zail olmak . İstishab . Yakin :Certainty - Şek ile yakin zâil olmaz. MC. MC/5, MC/6, MC/7, MC/8, MC/9, MC/10, MC/11, MC/12.
    MC/5"#Bir şeyin bulunduğu hal üzere kalması asıldır.”● 5. It is a fundamental principle that a thing shall remain as it was originally. MC. MC/6, MC/10, MC/1685, MC/1776, MC/1777.; TMK 15
    MC/6#Kadim, kıdemi üzerine terk olunur.● 6. Things which have been in existence from time immemorial shall be left as they were. Madde 6 - Kâdim kıdemi üzere zikrolunur.MC. MC/9, MC/612.
    MC/7# Zarar kadim olmaz.● 7.Injury cannot exist from time immemorial .immemorial .Madde 7- Zarar kadim olmaz. MC. MC/6 , MC/166, MC/1166, MC/1224; MH. 48.; TBK. 125 - 140
    MC/8#Beraet-i zimmet asıldır.● 8. Freedom from liability is a fundamental principle. MC. MC/166, MC/1224, MC/1197.; MH. 48; TBK. 125 - 140. Madde 8 - Berâ'et-i zimmet asıldır.
    MC/9#Sıfat-ı arızada asl olan ademdir.● 9. Non-existence is a fundamental principle which applies to all rights which may subsequently accrue. accrue Madde 9 — Sıfât-ı ârizada asl olan ademdir. MC/8, MC/332
    MC/10#Bir zamanda sabit olan şeyin -hilafına delil olmadıkça- bekasıyla hükmolunur.● 10. Judgement shall be given in respect to any matter which has been proved at any particular time, unless the contrary is proved.Madde 10 — Bir zamanda sabit olan şey'in hilâfina delil olmadıkça bekâsıyla hükmolunur. MC MC/5, MC/1621, MC/1592
    MC/11● 11. It is a fundamental principle that any new occurrence shall be regarded as happening at the time nearest to the present.*Madde 11 - Bir emr-i hâdisin akreb-i evkâtına izâfeti asıldır.Yani hâdis olan bir işin sebep ve zaman-ı vukûunda ihtilâf olunsa zaman-1 ba'îde nisbeti ispat olunmadıkça hâle akreb olan zamana nisbet olunur.MC MC/10, MC/5, MC/8; HUMK 299.
    MC/12● 12. It is a fundamental principle that words shall be construed literally. Madde 12 - Kelâmda asl olan manây-ı hakîkîdir. MC. MC/13, MC/60, MC/61.; TMK ı, 2; TBK 18
    MC/13Madde 13 - Tasrih mukâbelesinde delâlete i'tibar yokdur. MC. MC/12, MC/772; TBK. ı. 2:, HUMK. 234, ● 13. No attention shall be paid to inferences in the face of obvious facts.
    MC/14Madde 14 - Mevrid-i nassda ictihâda mesâğ yoktur. MC/15, MC/16, MC/167.; TMK. ı, 2; TBK 18 ● 14. Where the text is clear, there is no room for interpretation.
    MC/15#Madde 15 - Alâ hilâfi'l-kıyâs sâbit olan şey sâire makîsün-aleyh olamaz.MC. MC/14, MC/16. MC/1659. ● 15. A matter which has been proved contrary to legal analogy cannot be cited by way of analogy in respect to any other matter.
    MC/16# Madde 16 - İctihâd ile ictihâd nakz olmaz.MC. MC/14, MC/15.; TMK. 1; TCK. 44 ● 16. One legal interpretation does not destroy another.
    MC/17Madde 17 - Meşakkat tesyîri celbeder. Yani su'ûbet sebeb-i tesyîr olur ve darlık vaktinde vüs'at gösterilmek lazım gelir. Karz ve havâle ve hacir gibi pekçok ahkâm-ı fikhiyye bu asla müteferri'dir ve fukahânın ahkâm-ı şer'iyyede gösterdikleri ruhas ve tahfifat hep bu kâideden istihrâc olunmuştur. MC. MC/18, MC/19, MC/20, MC/205, MC/223, MC/396, MC/799.; TMK. 2 ● 17. Difficulty begets facility; that is to say, difficulty is the cause of facility and in time of hardship consideration must be shown. Very many subjects of Islamic jurisprudence, such as loans, transfer of debts and interdiction are derived from this principle, and the latitude and indulgence shown by Islamic jurists in their rulings are all based upon this rule.
    MC/18Madde 18 - Bir iş zîk oldukda müttesi olur. Yani bir işde meşakkat görülünce ruhsat ve vüs'at gösterilir. MC. MC/17. ● 18. Latitude should be afforded in the case of difficulty, that is to say, upon the appearance of hardship in any particular matter, latitude and indulgence must be shown.
    MC/19# Madde 19 - Zarar ve mukâbele bi'z-zarâr yokdur.MC. MC/20, MC/25, MC/26, MC/27, 28, MC/29.; TMK. 41, 61, vd; ● 19. Injury may not be met by injury.
    MC/20#Madde 20 - Zarar izâle olunur.MC. MC/19, MC/21, MC/22, MC/25, MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/30, MC/32, MC/998, MC/1201.; TBK 41 vd. ● 20. Injury is removed
    MC/21# Madde 21 - Zarûretler memnû' olan şeyleri mübah kilâr. MC. MC/22, MC/96, MC/97, MC/1007.; TBK. 52; TCK 49-50, 516/4. ● 21. Necessity renders prohibited things permissible
    MC/22# Madde 22 - Zarûretler kendi mikdarlarınca takdir olunur ● 22. Necessity is estimated by the extent thereof..MC.MC/21, MC/23.; TBK. 52; TCK. 49-50, 516/4
    MC/23# Madde 23 - Bir özür için câiz olan şey ol özrün zevâliyle bâtıl olur. MC. MC/22, MC/517.● 23. A thing which is permissible by reason of the existence of some excuse thereof, ceases to be permissible with the disappearance of that excuse.
    MC/24# Madde 24 - Mâni' zâil oldukda memnû' avdet eder.MC. MC/19, MC/335, MC/345, MC/347, MC/372, MC/869, MC/870, MC/1647, MC/1653, MC/1654. ● 24. When a prohibition is removed, the thing to which such prohibition attaches reverts to its former status of legality.
    MC/25# Madde 25 - Bir zarar kendi misliyle izâle olunamaz.MC. MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/31, MC/965, MC/1141, MC/1288, MC/1312.; TCK 49-50, 516/4; TBK 52 ● 25. An injury cannot be removed by the commission of a similar injury.
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    MKK: MKK2 :MKK/25-50
    MC/25. MC/26 .MC/27. MC/28 .MC/29. MC/30 .MC/31. MC/32 .MC/33. MC/34 .MC/35. MC/36 .MC/37. MC/38 .MC/39. MC/40 .MC/41. MC/42 .MC/43. MC/44 .MC/45. MC/46 .MC/47. MC/48 .MC/49. MC/50
    MC/25Madde 25 Bir zarar kendi misliyle izâle olunamaz. MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/31, MC/965, MC/1141, MC/1288, MC/1312.; TCK 49-50, 516/4; TBK 52 ● Article 25. An injury cannot be removed by the commission of a similar injury.
    MC/26Madde 26 - Zarar-ı âmmı def için zarar-ı has ihtiyâr olunur. MC. MC/20, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/1325. ● Article 26. A private injury is tolerated in order to ward off a public injury. The prohibition from practice of an incompetent physician is derived from this principle.
    MC/27Madde 27 - Zarar-ı eşedd zarar-ı ehaf ile izâle olunur. MC. MC/25, MC/26, MC/20, MC/902, MC/906, MC/1044, MC/1224, MC/1440.; TMK. 656, 661 vd. ● Article 27. Severe injury is removed by lesser injury.
    MC/28Madde 28 - İki fesâd te'âruz etdikde ehaffí irtikâb ile a'zamının çaresine bakılır. MC/20, MC/25, MC/26, MC/27, MC/29, MC/902.; TMK. 656, 661 vd. ● Article 28. In the presence of two evils, the greater is avoided by the commission of the lesser.
    MC/29Madde 29 - Ehven-i şerreyn ihtiyâr olunur. MC. MC/21, MC/22, MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/902.; TMK. 656, 661 vd. ● Article 29. The lesser of the two evils is preferred.
    MC/30Madde 30 - Def'-i mefâsid celb-i menâfi'den evlâdır. ● Article 30. Repelling an evil is preferable to securing a benefit.
    MC/31Madde 31 -Zarar bi-kadari'l-imkân def olunur. MC. MC/28, MC/29, MC/30, MC/532, MC/533.; TMK. 656 ve 661. ● Article 31. Injury is removed as far as possible.
    MC/32Madde 32 - Hâcet umûmî olsun husûsî olsun zarûret menzilesine tenzîl olunur. Bey ' bil-vefânın tecvîzi bu kabîldendir ki Buhara ahâlîsinde borç tekessür etdikçe görülen ihtiyaç üzerine bu mu'âmele mer'iyyü'l-icrâ olmuştur. MC. MC/21, MC/118, MC/205, MC/213, MC/396, MC/420.● Article 32. Any want, whether of a public or private nature, is so dealt with as to meet the exigencies of the case. The validity of sale subject to a right of redemption is of this nature. The inhabitants of Bokhara having fallen badly into debt, this procedure was put into operation in order to meet the exigencies of the case.
    MC/33Madde 33 - Iztırar gayrın hakkını ibtâl etmez.Binâen-alâ-zâlik bir adam aç kalıb da birinin ekmeğini yese ba'dehû kıymetini vermesi lazım gelir.MC. MC/400, MC/1007.; TCK: 49-50/4; TBK. 52 ● Article 33. Necessity does not invalidate the right of another. Consequently, if a hungry person eats bread belonging to another, such person must later pay the value thereof.
    MC/34Madde 34 - Alması memnû' olan şeyin vermesi dahi memnû' olur.TCK 64 67 MC MC/35 tbk 50 ● Article 34. A thing which may not be taken may also not be given.
    MC/35Madde 35 - İşlenmesi memnû' olan şeyin istenmesi dahi memnû' olur.TCK 64-67.; TBK 50.; MC. MC/34, MC/1818. ● Article 35. It is forbidden to request the performance of a prohibited act.
    MC/36Madde 36 - Âdet muhakkemdir. Yani hükm-i şer'iyi isbât için örf ve âdet hakem kılınır. Gerek âmm olsun ve gerek hâs olsun. MC. MC/37, MC/38, MC/39, MC/40, MC/41, MC/42, MC/43, MC/44, 45, MC/230, MC/251, MC/291, MC/450, MC/460, MC/469, MC/574, MC/575, MC/576, MC/1340, MC/1790, MC/188, MC/354, MC/495, MC/555, MC/622, MC/829.; TMK. 1/1, 590/11, 592/281, 285, 420, 423. ● Article 36. Custom is an arbitrator; that is to say, custom, whether public or private, may be invoked to justify the giving of judgement.
    MC/37Madde 37 - Nâsın isti'mâli bir hüccetdir ki anınla amel vâcib olur. I'MK ı; MC. MC/36, MC/168, MC/389, MC/495. ● Article 37. Public usage is conclusive evidence and action must be taken in accordance therewith.
    MC/38Madde 38 - Âdeten mümteni' olan şey hakîkaten mümteni' gibidir.MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/39, MC/40, MC/1589, MC/1629. ● Article 38. A thing which it is customary to regard as impossible is considered to be impossible in fact.
    MC/39Madde 39 - Ezmanın tegayyürü ile ahkâm'ın tagayyürü inkâr olunamaz.MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/40, MC/244, MC/326, MC/596, MC/1716. ● Article 39. It is an accepted fact that the terms of law vary with the change in the times.
    MC/40Madde 40 - Âdetin delâletiyle ma'ânîy-ı hakîkî terk olunur.MC. MC/12, MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/39, MC/61, MC/82, MC/912, MC/1584.; TMK ı, 2.; TBK. 18 ● Article 40. In the presence of custom no regard is paid to the literal meaning of a thing.
    MC/41Madde 41- Âdet ancak muttarid yâhut galip oldukda mu'teber olur.MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/39, MC/40, MC/42, MC/240.; TMK ı Article 41. Effect is only given to custom where it is of regular occurrence or when universally prevailing.
    MC/42Madde 42 - İ'tibâr galib-i şâyi'adır, nâdire değildir.MC. MC/41, MC/987.; TMK ı; HUMK 238● Article 42. Effect is given to what is of common occurrence; not to what happens infrequently.
    MC/43Madde 43 - Örfe ma'rûf olan şey şart kılınmış gibidir.TMK 1; TTK ı; MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/41, MC/42, MC/461, MC/563, MC/596, MC/871 ● Article 43. A matter recognised by custom is regarded as though it were a contractual obligation.
    MC/44Madde 44 - Beyne't-tüccâr ma'rûf olan şey beynlerinde meşrût gibidir.MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/790, MC/1463.; TMK 1/1, 2; TBK 18 ● Article 44. A matter recognised by merchants is regarded as being a contractual obligation between them.
    MC/45Madde 45 - Örf ile ta'yîn nass ile ta'yîn gibidir,MC. MC/43, MC/44, MC/527, MC/528, MC/816, MC/1498, MC/1499.; TMK ı ● Article 45. A matter established by custom is like a matter established by law.
    MC/46Madde 46 - Mâni' ve muktazi teâruz etdikde mâni' takdîm olunur. Binâen-alâ-zâlik bir adam borçlusu yedinde merhûn olan malını âhara satamaz. MC. MC/337, MC/350, MC/397, MC/96-MC/1192, MC/590-MC/1725, MC/756-MC/1192-MC/747, MC/1192-MC/1197, MC/1598-MC/1601. ● Article 46. When prohibition and necessity conflict, preference is given to the prohibition. Consequently, a person may not sell to another a thing which he has given to his creditor as security for debt.
    MC/47Madde 47 - Vücudda bir şeye tâbi' olan hükümde dahi ana tâbi' olur. tılmış olur??? MC. MC/48, MC/50, MC/236, MC/903.; TMK. 619-622 ● Article 47. An accessory which is attached to an object in fact is also attached to it is law. Consequently, when a pregnant animal is sold, the young in its womb is sold with it.
    MC/48Madde 48 - Tâbi' olan şeye ayrıca hüküm verilmez. Meselâ bir hayvanın karnındaki yavrusu ayrıca satılamaz. MC. MC/47, MC/216, MC/224, MC/856.; TMK. 619-622 ● Article 48. An accessory to an object cannot be dealt with separately.yvT A Example: The young in an animal's womb cannot be sold separately.
    MC/49Madde 49 - Bir şeye mâlik olan kimse ol şeyin zarûriyyâtmdan olan şeye dahi mâlik olur. Meselâ, bir hâneyi satın alan kimse ana mûsil olan tarîka dahi mâlik olur. MC. MC/232, MC/1194 ● Article 49. The owner of a thing held in absolute ownership is also the owner of the things indispensable to the enjoyment of such thing.yvT K Example: A person who buys a house is also owner of the road leading to it.
    MC/50Madde 50 - Asıl sâkıt oldukda fer' dahi sâkıt olur. MC. MC/81, MC/661, MC/662, MC/1527, MC/1530 ● Article 50. If the principle fails, the accessory also fails.
    x
    g • t • d
    MKK: MKK3: MKK/51-75
    MC/51. MC/52. MC/53. MC/54. MC/55. MC/56. MC/57. MC/58. MC/59. MC/60. MC/61. MC/62. MC/63. MC/64. MC/65. MC/66. MC/67. MC/68. MC/69. MC/70. MC/71. MC/72. MC/73. MC/74. MC/75
    Madde 50 - Asıl sâkıt oldukda fer' dahi sâkıt olur.MC. MC/81, MC/661, MC/662, MC/1527, MC/1530
    51Madde 51 - Sâkıt olan şey avdet etmez. Ya'ni giden geri gelmez.
    52Madde 52 - Bir şey bâtıl oldukda anın zımmındaki şey dahi bâtıl olur.MC. MC/175, MC/523, MC/1566.; MA. 41.; TCK. 49, 50, 51, 60.; TBK ı, 6, 113; HUMK. 234
    53Madde 53 - Aslın îfâsı kâbil olmadığı halde bedeli îfâ olunur.MC. MC/488, MC/489, MC/891.; TBK. 43.
    54Madde 54 - Bizzat tecvîz olunmayan şey bi't-teba' tecviz olunabilir. Meselâ, müşteri mebî'i kabz için bâyi'i tevkîl etse câiz olmaz. Amma iştira eylediği zahîreyi ölçüp koymak için bâyi'a çuvalı verip dahi zahîreyi çuvala edicek zımnan ve teb'an kabz bulunur.
    55MC/55???mMadde Meseli, 55 hi12s:-i' - İbtidâen şâ9ylayı tecviz olunmayan şey bakâen tecviz olunabilir.

    hibe etmek sahîh değildir.

    Amma bir mâl-ı mevhûbun bir hisse-i şâyi'asina bir müstahlik çıkıp da zabtetse hibe bâtıl olmayıp hisse-i bâkiye-i mevhûbün lehin malı olur.MC. MC/19, MC/24, MC/430, MC/858, MC/1466.; TMK. 2
    56Madde 56 - Baka' ibtidâdan esheldir. MC/55, MC/429, MC/430.; TMK. 2
    57Madde 57 - Teberru' ancak kabz ile tamam olur. Meselâ, bir adam birine bir şey hibe etse kable'l-kabz hibe tamam olmaz.
    58Madde 58 Raiyye yani teb'a üzerine tasarruf maslahatâ menuttur.
    59Madde 59 Iltejelllîl-i Velâyet-i hâssa velâyet-i âmmeden akvadır. Meselâ, vakfın velâyeti kadınin velâyetinden akvadır. TMK. 262, 265, 266, 267, 272, 275, 405.; MC. MC/974, MC/975.
    60Madde 60- Yani bir kelâmın bir manaya hamli mümkün oldukça ihmâl yani manasız i vamamalıd MC, MC/40, MC/61, MC/1456.; TMK. ı, 2.; TBK. 18.
    61Madde 61 - Ma'nây-ı hakîkî mütaazzir oldukta mecaza gidilir. MC.MC/40, MC/60, MC/62, MC/1517.; TMK. ı, 2.; TBK. 18.
    62Madde 62 - Bir kelâmın i'mâli mümkün olmaz ise ihmâl olunur. Yani bir kelamın hakîkî ve mecâzî bir manaya hamli mümkün olmaz ise o halde mühmel yani manasız bırakılır. MC. MC/60, MC/61, MC/1577, MC/1629, MC/1697.; TMK. ı, 2.; TBK. 18.
    63Madde 63 - Mütecezzi olmayan bir şeyin bazını zikretmek küllünü zikr gibidir. MC. MC/60, MC/1041.; MA. 31, 36.; TBK. ı, 6.; HUMK 234.
    64Madde 64 - Mutlak ıtlakı üzere cârî olur. Eğer nassan yahut delâleten takyîd delîli bulunmaz ise. MC. MC/1, MC/2, MC/571, MC/572, MC/573, MC/819, MC/820, MC/1494, MC/1495, MC/1478, MC/1482, MC/1483, MC/1484.; TBK. 180.; HUMK 234.
    65Madde 65 - Hazırdaki vasıf lağv ve gaibdeki vasıf muteberdir. Meselâ, meclis-i hazır olan bir kır atı satacak olduğu halde şu yağız atı şu kadar bin kuruşa satdım dese icabı muteber olup yağız tabiri lağv olur amma meydanda Olmayan bir kır atı yağız deyu satsa vasıf mu'teber olmakla bey' mün'akid ol- MC. MC/107, MC/208,.; TMK ı, 2.; TBK. 18, 31.
    66Madde 66 - Sual cevapta iâde olunmuş addolunur. Yani tasdik, olunan bir sualde ne denilmiş ise mûcib onu söylemiş hükmündedir.
    67Madde 67 - Sâkit'e bir söz isnâd olunmaz. Lâkin ma'raz-ı hâcette sükût beyandır. Yani, sükût eden kimseye şu sözü söylemiş oldu denilemez, lâkin söyleyecek yer- MC. MC/281, 377]], 438]], 596]], MC/773, MC/805, MC/843, MC/847, MC/971, MC/1451, MC/1452, MC/1485, MC/1659, MC/1822.; HUMK 234.; TBK ı, 6, 31, 198-200, 221, 263, 387, 428.
    68Madde 68 - Bir şeyin umûr-u bâtınada delili ol şeyin makâmına kâim olur. Yani hakîkatine olan umûr-l bâtınada delîl-i zâhirîsi ile hükm olunur???. MC. MC/67, MC/183, MC/344, MC/769, MC/770, TMK 3.
    69Madde 69 - Mükâtebe muhâtaba gibidir.MC. MC/436, MC/1607, MC/1610, MC/1736.; TEK 5, 10.
    70Madde 70 - Dilsizin işaret-i malhûdesi lisan ile beyân gibidir.
    71Madde 71 - Tercümanın kavli her hususda kabul olunur.
    72Madde 72 Hatâsı zâhir olan zanna i'tibar yoktur.MC. 914, 1061, MC/1838.; TMK. ı, 2.; TBK. 18.; HUMK. 236, 254.
    73Madde 73 - Senede müstenid olan ihtimal ile hüccet yoktur.

    Meselâ, bir kimse veresesinden birine şu kadar kuruş borcu olduğunu ikrâr hücc:ettiği takdirde eğer maraz-ı mevtinde ise diğer verese tasdik etmedikçe bu ikrârı değildir. Zira eğer vereseden mal kaçırmak ihtimali maraz-ı mevte müsteniddir. amma hal-i sıhhatda ise ikrârı mu'teber olur ve ol halde olan ihtimal mücerred bir nevi te-

    MC.MC/72, MC/74, MC/1568, MC/1578.; HUMK. 236, 254.
    74Madde 74 - Tevehhüme i'tibar yokdur. MC. MC/72, MC/73, MC/75, MC/1013, MC/1161, MC/1192, MC/1741.; MA. 92.
    75Madde 75 - Bürhan ile sâbit olan şey ıyânen sabit gibidir.
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    MKK: MKK/4 -MKK/75-100
    MC/75 . MC/76 . MC/77 . MC/78 . MC/79 . MC/80 . MC/81 . MC/82 . MC/83 . MC/84 . MC/85 . MC/86 . MC/87 . MC/88 . MC/89 . MC/90 . MC/91 . MC/92 . MC/93 . MC/94 . MC/95 . MC/96 . MC/97 . MC/98 . MC/99 . MC/100
    MC/75Madde 75 - Bürhan ile sâbit olan şey ıyânen sabit gibidir.● Article 75. A thing established by proof is equivalent to a thing established by ocular inspection.
    MC/76Madde 76 - Beyyine müdde'î için ve yemîn münkir üzerinedir. MC. MC/1461, MC/1463, MC/1613, MC/1817, MC/1818, MC/78, MC/79.; TMK. 6, 28, 157, 185.; TBK 42/1, 55/1, 103/11. ● Article 76. EVIDENCE IS FOR HIM WHO AFFIRMS; THE OATH FOR HIM WHO DENIES.
    MC/77Madde 77 — Beyyine hilâf-ı zâhiri isbât için ve yemîn aslı ibkâ içindir. MC. 8, 9, 11, 77, 81, 403, 967, 1774.● Article 77. The object of evidence is to prove what is contrary to appearance; the object of the oath is to ensure the continuance of the original state.
    MC/78Madde 78 - Beyyine hüccet-i müteaddiye ve ikrâr hüccet-i kâsıradır. MC. 80, 81, 1384, 1572, 1642, 1676.; HUMK. 236, 254, 299. ● Article 78. Evidence is proof affecting third person; admission is proof affecting the person making such admission only.
    MC/79Madde 79 - Kişi ikrârıyla muaheze olunur. MC. 79, 81, 1127, 1573, 1575, 1588, 1632, 1654. ● Article 79. A person is bound by his own admission.
    MC/80Madde 80 — Tenâkuz ile hüccet kalmaz, lâkin mütenâkızın aleyhine olan hükme halel gelmez.

    Meselâ, şehidler şahâdetlerinden rücû' ile tenâkuz etdiklerinde şahâdetleri hüccet olmaz, lâkin evvelki şahâdetleri üzerine kâdî hükmetmiş ise bu hüküm dahi bozulmayıp mahkumunbihi şahidlerin tazmin etmesi lazım gelir. MC. 78, 90, 1729, 1730.

    ● Article 80. Contradiction and proof are incompatible; but this does not invalidate a judgement given against the person contradicting. Example:- Witnesses contradict themselves by going back upon the evidence they have given. Such evidence is not proof; but if the court has already given judgement based upon the original evidence, such judgement may not be set aside, but the

    witnesses must pay the value of the subject matter of the judgement to the persons against whom judgement has been given.
    MC/81Madde 81 — Asıl sâbit olmadığı halde fer'in sâbit olduğu vardır. Meselâ, bir kimse filanın filana şu kadar kuruş deyni vardır, ben dahi kefilim dese ve asil'in inkârı üzerine dâ'in iddi'â etse meblağ-ı mezburu kefilin vermesi lazım gelir. MC. 78, 1632. ● Article 81. Failure to establish the principle claim does not imply failure to establish a claim subsidiary thereto. Example:- A person states that A owes a sum of money to B and that he has the surety of A. Such person will be obliged to pay the sum in question if A repudiates the debt and B demands payment.
    MC/82Madde 82 — Şartin sübûtu indinde ana muallak olan şeyin sübûtu lazım olur. MC. 83, 84, 408, 494, 623, 1456, 1584.; TMK/2. ● Article 82. If the validity of a condition is established, the validity of anything dependent thereon must also be established.
    MC/83Madde 83 — Bi-kaderi'l-imkân şarta mürâat olunmak lâzım gelir. MC. 82, 84, 186, 187, 189, 287, 398, 468, 474, 777, 813, 884, 1073, 1166, 1420, 1337, 1402, 1561.; TMK. 2. ● Article 83. A condition must be observed as far as possible.
    MC/84Madde 84 - Va'dler suver-i ta'lîki iktisâ ile lazım olur. Meselâ, sen bu malı filan adama sat, eğer akçesini vermez ise ben veririm dese ve malı alan akçeyi vermese bu va'di eden kimsenin akçeyi vermesi lazım gelir. MC. 82, 83, 623. ● Article 84. Any promise dependent upon a condition is irrevocable upon such condition being fulfilled. Example:- A person tells A to sell a certain thing to B and informs A he will pay him in the event of B failing to do so, and B does in fact fail so to do. The person making the promise is obliged to pay the money.
    MC/85Madde 85 — Bir şeyin nefi zamânı mukâbelesindedir. Yani, bir şey telef olduğu takdirde hasârı kime âit ise anın zamanında demek olup ol kimsenin bu vechile zamanı ol şey ile intifâ'a mukâbil olur.

    Meselâ, hıyar-ı ayb ile reddolunan bir hayvanı müşteri kullanmış olmasından dolayı bâyi' ücret alamaz. Zira kablen-redd telef olaydı hasarı müşteriye ait olacaktı. MC. 86, 87, 88, 236, 344, 393, 891, 903.

    ● Article 85. The enjoyment of a thing is the compensating factor for any liability attaching thereto; that is to say, in the event of a thing being destroyed, the person to whom such thing belongs must suffer the loss and conversely may enjoy any advantages attaching thereto. Example:- An animal is returned by reason of an option for defect. The vendor may not charge any fee on account of the use of the animal, because if it had been fallen upon the purchaser.
    MC/86Madde 86 - Ücret ile zamân müctemi' olmaz. MC. 85, 87, 88, 416, 469, 511, 536, 545, 548, 551, 596. ● Article 86. Remuneration and liability to make good loss do not run together.
    MC/87Madde 87 - Mazarrat menfa'at mukâbelesindedir. Yani, bir şeyin menfa'atına nâil olan anın mazarratına da mütehammil olur. MC, 85, 86, 88, 292, 1073. 1152, 1308, 1316, 1319, 1324, 1327, 1328. ● Article 87. Disadvantage is an obligation accompanying enjoyment. That is to say, a person who enjoys a thing must submit to the disadvantages attaching thereto.
    88Madde 88 - Külfet ni'mete ve nümet külfete göredir. MC. 85, 86, 87. ● Article 88. The burden is in proportion to the benefit and the benefit to the burden.
    89Madde 89 - Bir fiilin hükmü fâiline muzâf kılınır ve mücbir olmadıkça âmirine muzaaf kılınmaz. MC 90, 92, 93, 95, 9. Kizp, 293. ● Article 89. The responsibility for an act falls upon the author thereof; it does not fall upon the person ordering such act to be performed, provided that such person does not compel the commission thereof.
    90Madde 90 - Mübâşir yani bizzat fâil ile mütesebbib müctemi' oldukda hükm ol fâile muzaf kılınır. Meselâ. birinin tarîk-i âmmda kazmış olduğu kuyuya diğeri, birinin hayvanını ilkâ ile itlâf ezse o zâmin olup kuyuyu hafr eden kimseye zamân lâzım gelmez. MC. 89, 91. 92 193, 922, 1828; TCK 52, 6467.; TBK. 41, vd. ● Article 90. If a person performs any act personally and is implicated therein with the person who is the cause thereof, the person performing such act is responsible thereof. Example:- A digs a well in the public highway and B causes C's animal to fall therein and to be destroyed. B is responsible thereof and no liability rests with the person who dug the well.
    91Madde 91 - Cevâz-ı şer'i zamâna münâfi olur. Meselâ, bir adamın kendi mülkünde kazmış olduğu kuyuya birinin hayvanı düşüp telef olsa zamân lazım gelmez. MC 92, 93, 796, 798, 822, 224, 875, 924, 1075, 1192.; TCK. 52, 64-67, 78, 49-51. ● Article 91. An act allowed by law cannot be made the subject of a claim to compensation. Example:- An animal belonging to A falls into a well which B has dug on his own property held in absolute ownership and such animal is destroyed . No compensation can be claimed.
    92Madde 92 - Mübâşir müteammid olmasa da zâmin olur. MC. 91, 93. 912, 913. 926; 41 vd. ● Article 92. A person who performs an act, even though not intentionally, is liable to make good any loss caused thereby.
    93Madde 93 - Mütesebbib müteammid olmadıkça zâmin olmaz. MC. 91, 93, 913, 924; TBK 41 ● Article 93. A person who is the cause of an act being performed is not liable to make good any loss caused by such act unless he has acted intentionally.
    94Madde 94 -Hayvanâtın kendiliğinden olarak cinâyet ve mazarratı hederdir. MC. 81, 929, 931, 932. 933.939 ● Article 94. No liability attaches in connection with offences of or damage caused by animals of their own accord.
    95Madde 95 - Gayrın mülkünde tasarrufla emretmek bâtıldır. MC. 96, 97, 125, 657, 1007, 1510.: TEK. 411, 413.; 900 vd. ● Article 95. Any order given for dealing with the property of any other person held in absolute ownership is void.
    96Madde 96 - Bir kimsenin mülkünde anın izni olmaksızın âhar bir kimsenin tasarruf etmesi câiz değildir. MC, MC/27, MC/45, MC/95, MC/97, MC/365.MC/446*MC/799, MC/857, MC/919, MC/1075, MC/1078, MC/1079, MC/1459, MC/1546. ● Article 96. No person may deal with the property of another held in absolute ownership without suchperson's permission.
    97Madde 97 - Bilâ-sebeb-i meşrü' birinin malını bir kimsenin ahz eylemesi câiz olmaz. MC. 95, 96, 369, MC/891, MC/889.; TMK. 2.; TBK 61, 41 ● Article 97. No person may take another person's property without some legal reason.
    98Madde 98 - Bir şeyde sebeb-i temellükün tebeddülü ol şeyin tebeddülü makâmına kâimdir. MC. 255, 869.● Article 98. Any change is the cause of the ownership of a thing held in absolute ownership is equivalent to a change in that thing itself.
    99Madde 99 — Kim ki bir şeyi vaktinden evvel isti'câl eyler ise mahrûmiyetle mu'âteb olur. TMK. 285-286.; TCK. 343, 477.● Article 99. Any person who hastens the accomplishment of a thing before its due time, is punished by being deprived thereof.
    100Madde 100 — Her kim ki kendi tarafından tamam olan şeyi nakz etmeğe sa'y ederse sa'yi merduttur. MC. 19, 356, 368, 616, 898, 1658.; TMK. 3-4. ● Article 100. If any person seeks to disavow any act performed by himself, such attempt is entirely disregarded.
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    MECELLE: 1.Kitap:Kitab-ul Büyu' .Book I:Sale
    Sale - Büyu' - ALIŞ VERİŞ]]
    MC/101.
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    MECELLE: 2.Kitap (Boş):Kitab'ul İcârât.(Boş) Majalla/BOOK II (Dolu)
    İcar . İcâr . İcârât . Hire (Adam kiralama, Arapça ecir) . Rent (Mülk kiralama). Kira . Kiralar . 1. a person who has been hired, especially in a cohort; 2. to exchange the services of for remuneration; 3. the state of being hired, or having a job; employment;
    İcarİcarat . İcar . İcâr . İcâre . İcâreten
    Müstecir .Kiralayan . Kiracı . Müstecirin vazifeleri . Renter formerly, law renter, tenant, lessee


    leaseholder
    MücirMücir . Mücirin vazifeleri
    MecurKiralanan
    MC/.
    .
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    MECELLE: 3.Kitap:Kitab'ul Kefâlet
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    MECELLE: 4.Kitap:Kitab'ul Havâle
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    MECELLE: 5.Kitap:Kitab'ul Rehn
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    MECELLE: 6.Kitap:Kitab'ul Emanet
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    MECELLE: 7.Kitap:Kitab-ul
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    MECELLE: 8.Kitap:Kitab'ul Hibe
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    MECELLE: 9.Kitap:Kitab'ul Hacr ve-l İkrah Veş-Şuf'a
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    MECELLE: 10.Kitap:KİTAB'UL ŞİRKET • Majalla:BOOK X: JOINT OWNERSHIP
    x
    İstilahatTerminoloji: Şirket (JOINT)
    Kitab-ı Şirket/Düz metin
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    MECELLE: 11.KİTAP:KİTÂBÜ'L-VEKÂLE (Vekalet Kitabı).KİTÂB-I HÂDÎ AŞAR:Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (1449-1530 Maddeler arası)- Kitâbü'l-Vekâle/Düz metin - Book XI :AGENCY . Portal:Mecelle
    TerimlerVekalet .Vekalet sözleşmesi
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    MECELLE: 12. KİTAP: KSVİ - KİTÂBÜ'S-SULH VE'L-İBRÂ - KİTÂBÜ'S-SULH VE'L-İBRÂ/Düz Metin
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    MECELLE :13.KİTAP: KİTÂBÜ'L-İKRÂR (İKRAR KİTABI) KİTÂB-I SÂLİS-İ AŞAR

    İKRAR HAKKINDA OLUP DÖRT BÂBI MÜŞTEMİLDİR

    BÂB-I EVVEL:İKRÂRIN ŞERÂ'İTİ BEYANINDADIR
    MADDE 1572 - İkrâr, bir kimse diğer kinmesnenin kendisinde olan hakkını haber vermekdir. Ol kimseye mukirr ve ol kimesneye mukarrun leh ve ol hakka mukarrun bih denilir.
    Terimler (Istılahat)İkrar . Mukirr .Mukarrun leh . Mukarrun bih
    Şerati(Şartları)x
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    MECELLE:14.KİTAP: KİTÂBÜ'L-DA'VÂ .KİTAB-I RÂBİ'İ AŞER. Kitab-ı Dava. Dava• Mecelle• Kitab-ı Dava/Düz metin• Kitab-ı Dava/Osmanî•[[]]•[[]]•[[]]•[[]]
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    MECELLE: 15.KİTAP: KBVT .KİTÂBÜ'L-BEYYİNÂT VE'T-TAHLîF . KBVT/Düz metin . Kitab-ı Beyyinat ve Tehalif eski. Kitab-ı beyyinat ve tehalif yeni buna yönlendir . DRİVE
    Beyyine külfeti
    Istılahat
    (Terimler    		Tevatür. Beyyine . Beyyinât. Beyyinat. Tehalif.
    KBVT/Fasl-ı Evvelİlk fasıl:
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    MECELLE: 16. KİTAP Kitab-ı Kaza (ANA)- KİTÂBÜ'L-KAZÂ - KİTÂB-I SÂDİS-İ AŞAR :KAZÂ HAKKINDA OLUP BİR MUKADDİME İLE DÖRT BÂBI MÜŞTEMİLDİR Kitab-ı Kaza/Günümüz Türkçesiyle Karşılaştırılmalı ve güncel Türkçe olup Güncel Türkesi gözden geçirilip mukayeler geliştirilmelidir. KİTÂBÜ'L-KAZÂ/Düz metin
    MukaddimeKitab-ı Kaza/Mukaddime : Bâzı Istılâhât-ı fıkhiyye beyânındadır.Kazâ hüküm ve hâkimlik ma'nâlarına gelir. Madde 1785 - Hâkim beyne'n-nâs vuku bulan da'vâ ve muhâsamayı ahkâm-ı meşrûiasına tevfikan fasl ve hasm için taraf-ı sultânîden nasb u ta'yîn buyurulan zâttır. MC/1805.

    Madde 1786 - Hüküm, hâkimin muhâsamayı kat' ve hasmeylemesidir. Madde 1784 Kazâ hüküm ve hâkimlik ma'nâlarına gelir. Madde 1785 - Hâkim beyne'n-nâs vuku bulan da'vâ ve muhâsamayı ahkâm-ı meşrûiasına tevfikan fasl ve hasm için taraf-ı sultânîden nasb u ta'yîn buyurulan zâttır. Madde 1786 - Hüküm, hâkimin muhâsamayı kat' ve hasmeylemesidir. Bu dahi iki kısımdır. Kısm-ı evvel: Hâkimin hükmettim; iddi'â olunan şeyi ver demek gibi sözler ile mahkûmun bihi mahkûmun aleyhe ilzâm etmesi yani lâzım kılmasıdır. İşte buna kazâ-i ilzam ve kazâ-i istihkâm denilir. Kısm-ı Sânî: Hakkın yokdur, münâza'adan memnû'sun demek gibi sözler ile hâkimin müdde'îyi münâza'adan men' etmesidir. Buna dahi kazâ-i terk denilir. MC. 1331.; HUMK. 388-393. Madde 1787 — Mahkûmun bih, hâkimin mahkûmun aleyhe ilzâm ettiği şeylerdir ki, kazâ-i ilzam müdde'înin hakkını îfâ etmesi ve kazâ-i terkde müdde'înin münâza'adan vazgeçmesidir.MC. 1619. Madde 1788 - Mahkûmun aleyh, aleyhine hükmolunan kimesnedir. MC. 1676. Madde 1789 — Mahkûmun leh, lehine hükmolunan kimsedir. MC. 1697. Madde 1790 Tahkîm hasmeynin husûmet ve da'vâlarını fasl için rızâları ile âhar kimseyi hâkim ittihaz etmelerinden ibârettir. Ol kimseye fethateyn ile hakem ve mimlin zammı ve hâ'nın fethi ve kâf-ı müşeddede-i meftûha ile muhakkem denilir.

    Madde 1791 - Vekîl-i musahhar, mahkemeye ihzâr olunamayan müdde'â aleyhe hâkim tarafından nasb olunan vekîldir, MC, 1844.
    HakimKitab-ı Kaza/BÂB-I EVVEL : 1 Fasl-ı Evvel :Hâkimin evsâfı beyânındadır. 2 Fasl-ı Sânî: Hâkimin âdâbı beyânındadır. 3 Fasl-ı Sâlis:Hâkimin vezâ'ifi beyânındadır. 4 Fasl-ı Râbii :Sûret-i muhâkemeye dâirdir.
    HükümBÂB-I SÂNÎ :1 Fasl-ı Evvel: Hükmün şurûtu beyânındadır . 2 Fasl-ı Sâni: Hükm-i gıyâbî beyânındadır.
    Davanın rüyetiBÂB-I SÂLİS: DA'VÂNIN BADEL-HÜKM RÜYETİ HAKKINDADIR.
    TahkimBÂB-I RÂBİ' . TAHKîME DÂiR MESÂİL BEYÂNINDADIR
    HÜKKÂMA DÂiR OLUP DÖRT FASLI HÂVîDİR

    Fasl-ı Evvel: Hâkimin evsâfi beyânındadır Madde 1792 Hâkim, hakîm, fehîm, müstakîm ve emîn, mekîn, metîn olmalıdır. Madde 1793 - Hâkim mesâ'il-i fıkhiyyeye ve usûl-i muhâkemeye vâkıf ve deâvî-i vâkıfayı onlara tatbîkan fasl ve hasma muktedir olmalıdır. Madde 1794 Hâkimin temyîz-i tâmma muktedir olması lâzımdır. Fasl-ı Sânî: Hâkimin âdâbı beyânındadır Madde 1795 alış veriş ve mülâtefe Madde 1796 - Hâkim iki hasımdan hiçbirisinin hediyesini kabul etmez. Madde 1797 mütehâkimeynin ziyâfetine gitmez.Madde 1798 hânesine kabûl etmek ve biriyle halvet veyahut ikisinden birisine el ya göz veya baş ile işâret eylemek veya onlardan birisine gizli lakırdı yahut diğerinin bilmediği lisan ile söz söylemek gibi Madde 1799 -- Hâkim beyne'l-hasmeyn adl ile me'mûrdur. Binâenaleyh tarafeynden biri her ne kadar eşrâfdan ve diğeri ahâd-ı nâsdan olsa bile hîn-i muhâkemede tarafeyni oturtmak ve kendilerine imâle-i nazar ve hitâb etmek gibi muhâkemeye müte'allık muhâkemâtda tamâmıyla adi ve müsâvât ri'âyet etmesi lâzımdır.Fasl-ı Sânî: Hâkimin vezâ'ifi beyânındadır Madde 1800 - Hâkim, taraf-1 Sultândan icrây-ı muhâkemeye ve hükme vekildir, Madde 1801 -- Kazâ, zaman 've makân ile ve bazı husûsâtın istisnâsı ile tekayyüd ve tahassus eder. Ve bir mahkeme-i mu'ayyenede hükmetmek üzere nasbolunan hâkim ancak ol mahkemede hükmedip diğer bir mahalde hükmedemez. Ve kezâlik maslahat-ı âmme mülâhaza-i âdilesine binâen filan husûsa müteiallik da'vâ istimâ' olunmaya deyu emr-i sultânî sâdır olsa hâkim ol dalvâyı istimâd ve hükmedemez. Veyahut bir mahkeme hâkimi bazı husûsât-ı mu'ayyene istimâ'ına me'zûn olup da mâ'adâsını istimâ'a me'zûn olmasa ol hâkim ancak me'zûn olduğu husûsâtı istimâ' ve hükmeder. Mâladâsını istimâ' ve ve hükmedemez. Ve kezâlik bir müctehidin bir hususda re'yi, nâsa erfak ve maslahat-ı asra evfak olduğuna binâen onun re'yi ile amel olunmak üzere emr-i sultânî sâdır olsa ol husûsda hâkim ol müctehidin re'yine münâfi dîğer bir müctehidin re'yi ile amel edemez, ederse hükmü nâfiz olmaz. Madde 1802 - Bir da'vâyı malan istimâ' ve hükmetmek üzre nasb olunan iki hâkimden yalnız birisi ol da'vâyı istimâ' ve hükmedemez; ederse hükmü nâfiz olmaz. (1465.) maddeye bak. Madde 1803 - Mütedaddid hâkimi olan beldede hasmeynden birisi bir hâkimin ve diğer öbür hâkimin huzûrunda murâfa'a olmak isteyip de bu vechile beynlerinde ihtilâfvâki' olsa müddetâ aleyhin iddi'â eylediği hâkim tercih olunur. Madde 1804 - Bir hâkimin azli Madde 1806 Hâkimin istimâ' eylediği beyyine ile kendisi hükmedebilir. nâ'ib de . Şöyle ki, hâkim bir da'vâ hakkında beyyine istimâ'ı ve nâ'ibe ihbâr eylese nâ'ibi i'âde-i beyyine etmeksizin hâkimin ihbârı ile hükmedebilir ve hükme me'zûn olan nâ'ib bir husûsda beyyine istimâl edip de hâkime inhâ eylese hâkim i'âde-i beyyine etmeksizin nâ'ibin inhâsı ile hükmedebilir ammâ hükme me'zûn olmayıp da ancak tedkik ve istikşâf için beyyine istimâ'ına memûr olan kimsenin inhâsı ile hâkim hükmedemeyip bizzat istimâ'-ı beyyine etmesi lâzımdır. Madde 1807 Başka kazada hakimlik Madde 1808 - Davaya bakma yasagı Madde 1809 - Bir belde hâkiminin bir kimesne ile da'vâsı olduğu sûretde ol beldede dîğer hâkim varsa onun huzûrunda murâfa'a olurlar. muvellâ istid'â etmek. Madde 1810 - Hâkim ru'yet-i da'vâda el-akdemü fe'l-akdem kâ'idesine ri'âyet etmelidir. Madde 1811 istiftâ' etmesi câizdir. Madde 1812 - Hâkim, ğam ve ğussa ve açlık ve ğalebe-i nevm gibi sıhhat-ı tefekkküre mâni' olabilecek bir ârıza ile zihni müşevveş olduğu halde hükme tesaddî etmemelidir. Madde 1813 Hâkim murâfa'âtda icrây-ı tedkîkât etmekle beraber işi sürüncemede bırakmamalıdır.Madde 1814 sicillât defteri ilâmât ve senedâtı kayd muhafaza devir Fasl-ı Râbii:Sûret-i muhâkemeye dâirdir.Madde 1815 Hâkim muhâkemeye alenen icrâ eder. Fakat kable'l-hükm ne vechile hükmedileceğini ifşâ etmez. Madde 1816 — Hâkim evvelen müdde'îye da'vâsını takrîr ettirir. Ve evvelce da'vâsı tahrîren zabt olunmuş ise, davayı kırâaat ile mazmûnu kendisine tasdîk ettirilir . Madde 1817 Müddde'â aleyh, inkâr ederse hâkim müdde'îden beyyine talep eder. Madde 1818 müdde'â aleyhe yemîn teklîfi . Madde 1819Müddeinin yemin vermemesi Madde 1820 . nükûl . Madde 1821. Madde 1822 — sükut inkar sayılır.Madde 1823. Madde 1824 .Madde 1825 .Madde 1826.Madde 1827 BÂB-I SÂNÎ:HÜKME DÂiR OLUP İKİ FASLI MÜŞTEMİLDİR Fasl-ı Evvel:Hükmün şurûtu beyânındadır Madde 1829 Hükümde sebka-i da'vâ şartdır. Da'vâ sebk etmeden vukû' bulan hüküm sahîh olmaz. Madde 1830 -Madde 1831 Müdde'â aleyhin vekîli muvâcehesinde ikâme-i beyyine olundukdan sonra müdde'â aleyh bizzat meclis-i hükme hâzır olsa hâkim beyyine ile müddeâ aleyh üzerine hükmedebilir, Ve bilakis müddetâ aleyhin muvâcehesinde ikâme-i beyyine olundukdan sonra vekil meclise hâzır olsa hâkim ol beyyine ile vekîlin üzerine hükmedebelir.

    Fals-ı Sâni:Hükm-i gıyâbî  Madde 1833 Madde 1834 Madde 1835 Madde 1836 BÂB-I SÂLiS:DA'VÂNIN BADEL-HÜKM RÜYETİ Madde 1837 Madde 1839 Madde 1840

    BÂB-I RÂBİ':TAHKîMMadde 1841 Hukûk-ı nâsa mütedallık mal da'vâlarında tahkîm câizdir,Madde 1842 Madde 1843 Mahkemenin taaddüdü Madde 1844 Madde 1845 .Madde 1846 .Madde 1847.Madde 1848.Madde 1849- Madde 1850 - Madde 1851
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    ARAPÇA Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliye • مجلة احكام عدلى

    Mecelle Esbâb-ı Mûcibe Mazbatası . Mecelle/Sadaretin Arzı ve İrade-i Seniyye . Mecelle/Mukaddime . Majalla/Introduction . Majalla/Part I. Majalla/ PART II Mecelle/İlk 100 MADDE: MC/1. MC/2. Mecelle'den seçme hükümler güzel medeni kanun hükümleri Mecellenin külli kaideleri. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Osmanlıca. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça Osmanlıca Türkçe. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Türkçe kelime izahlı. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arabi Türki İzahlı ve Şerhli.

    Mecelle/Hukukun Kavaid-i Külliyesi.
    son çalışmalar:Osmanlıca PDF mecelle• İddianame için: mütevatirin aleyhine Beyyine kabul olunmaz. Madde 73.md Hatası zahir olan zanna itibar yoktur

    MM hocası Atıf Bey şerhi -

    Archive org Atif bey mecelle Şerhi
    Esbabı MucibeMecelle Esbâb-ı Mûcibe Mazbatası .
    Arz-ı SadaretMecelle/Sadaretin Arzı ve İrade-i Seniyye .
    MukaddimeMecelle/Mukaddime

    Majalla/Introduction .MAJALLA . Majalla/Part I.

    Majalla/ PART II
    Mecelle/İlk 100 MADDEMC/1. MC/2.

    Mecelle'den seçme hükümler güzel medeni kanun hümleri

    Mecelle/Hukukun Kavaid-i Külliyesi
    Mecelle/KitaplarMukaddime . Mecelle/Kitaplar:

    Şehadetin keyfiyeti edası - 591 Şehadetin şurutu esasiyesi - 591 Şehadetin davaya muvafakatı s599- Şahitlerin ihtilafı s603 - karinei katı'a beyanında syf614 -

    • Kitab-í beyyinat ve tehalifs.589 Tahlif breyanında - Tercih-i beyanat ve tahlif - Tenazu-u bil-eyd -Tercih-i beyanat - Tehalüfe dairs630 - Söz kimin olduğuna ve tahkim- i hale dair s 628-
    • Kitab-u Kaza - Hakime dair dört fası s638
    Hakimin evsafı s 638 - Hakimin adabı - Hakimin vezaifi - Hükme dair 648 - Hükmün şurutu s 648
    PDFMecelle/PDFleri

    PDF Osmanlıca mecelle• Dosya:ENG Ottoman Majalle (Civil Law).pdf Dosya:232(1).pdf MM hocası Atıf Bey şerhi - Archive org Atif bey serhi Kitab-ı Dava -Kitab-ı beyyinat ve tehalif Doc kitabi dava• Kitab-ı Kaza• •Mecellenin külli kaideleri

    Mecelle/English
    TürkiMecelle/Türkçe Temyiz Reisi Ali Haydar Efendi Dürer-ül Hükkam şerhi
    ARABİMecelle/Arabi

    درر الحكام شرح مجلة الأحكام 

    المؤلف: علي حيدر

    درر الحكام شرح مجلة الأحكام; المؤلف: علي حيدر; حالة الفهرسة: مفهرس فهرسة كاملة; الناشر: دار عالم الكتب;

    شرح المجلة (مجلة الأحكام العدلية الفقهية) تأليف: سليم رستم الباز

    Şerh-ül fıkıh
    FransizcaMecelle/Fransızca şerhi G.Sinapian Code Civil Ottoman
    EnglishMecelle/English : AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH (The Ottoman Courts Manual )
    RumcaMecelle/Rumca
    ŞerhMecelle şerhleri : Dürerül Hükkam Şerhu Mecelletil Ahkam- Hocaefendizade- Ali Haydar EFENDİ - Mir'at-i mecelle

    Mecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliyeden Kitab ül-Beyyinat ve Tahlif

    Atıf Bey Kuyucaklızade
    KısımlarıBaslangiç, Fikih Temel bilgileri olup, yüz birden dört yüz üçüncü maddeye kadardir.
    • Ikinci kisim, Kirâ bilgileri olup, alti yüz on birinci maddeye kadardir.
    • Üçüncü kisim, Kefil Olmak bilgileridir. Alti yüz yetmis ikinci maddeye kadardir.
    • Dördüncü kisim Havâle bilgisi, yedi yüzüncü maddeye kadardir.
    • Besinci kisim, Rehin olup, yedi yüz altmis birinci maddeye kadardir.
    • Altinci kisim, Emânet’tir. Sekiz yüz otuz ikinci maddeye kadardir.
    • Yedinci kisim, Hibe bagislamaktir. Sekiz yüz sekseninci maddeye kadardir.
    • Sekizinci kisim, Gasb ve Zarar’dir. Dokuz yüz kirkinci maddeye kadardir.
    • Dokuzuncu kisim, Hicr ve Ikrâh’dir. Bin kirk dördüncü maddeye kadardir.
    • Onuncu kisim, Şirketler ve Sosyal Bilgiler’dir. Bin dört yüz kirk sekizinci maddeye kadardir.
    • On birinci kisim, Vekâlet’tir. Bin bes yüz otuzuncu maddeye kadardir.
    • On ikinci kisim, Sulh ve Afv’dir. Bin bes yüz yetmis birinci maddeye kadardir.
    • On üçüncü kisim, Ikrâr’dir. Bin alti yüz on ikinci maddeye kadardir.
    • On dördüncü kisim, Da’va’dir. Bin alti yüz yetmis besinci maddeye kadardir.
    • On besinci kisim, Isbât ve Yemin’dir. Bin yedi yüz seksen üçüncü maddeye kadardir.
    • On altinci kisim, Hâkimlik’tir. Bin sekiz yüz elli birinci maddeye kadardir.
    AhkamMecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliye
    ŞerhMecelle şerhleri : Dürerül Hükkam Şerhu Mecelletil Ahkam- Hocaefendizade- Ali Haydar EFENDİ - Mir'at-i mecelle

    Mecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliyeden Kitab ül-Beyyinat ve Tahlif

    Atıf Bey Kuyucaklızade
    KısımlarıBaslangiç, Fikih Temel bilgileri olup, yüz birden dört yüz üçüncü maddeye kadardir.
    • Ikinci kisim, Kirâ bilgileri olup, alti yüz on birinci maddeye kadardir.
    • Üçüncü kisim, Kefil Olmak bilgileridir. Alti yüz yetmis ikinci maddeye kadardir
    ÇalışmalarTafsili Mecelle -

    İcmali Mecelle - İzahlı Mecelle - Mecelle şerhi - Mecelle Taramaları - Osmanlıca Mecelle - Mecelle/Şerhleri-

    Karşılaştırmalı Mecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliye: Mecelle Ta'dilleri ve ...
    Mecelle kartelası . Mecelle'nin Tadili
    g • t • d
    ENGLISH: AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH
    (The Journal of The Verdicts of The Justice or The Ottoman Courts Manual)
    Tam metin :Mecelle/İngilizce/Düz metin - Mecelle/English ENG word. (Majalla : INTRODUCTION .Part I: Article 1 :Majalla/Definition and Classification of Turkic Jurisprudence - Article 2: Majalla/ PART IIMajalla/MAXIMS OF TURKIC JURISPRUDENCE. (2-99 articles) +1.Book I: SALE (BUYU': 101-403 )+ 2.Book II:RENT (İCÂRAT: 404 -611 ) + 3.Book III:((612-672))Guarantee + 4.BookIV :Transfer of Debt: (673-700) + 5. Book V :Pledges (701-761)+ 6. Book VI Trust and trusteeship (762-832)+ 7.Book VII: Gift (833-880)+ 8. Book VIII: Wrongful Appropriation and Destructions WRONGFUL APPROPRIATION AND DESTRUCTION(881-940)+ 9.BookIX:Interdiction, Constraint and Pre-emption: (941-1044) + 10.Book 10: Joint Ownership (1045-1148)+ 11. Book 11: Agency (1449-1530) + 12. Book 12: Settlement and Release (1531-1571) + 13.Book 13: Admissions (1572-1612)+ 14.Book 14: Actions (1613-1675) + 15. Book 15: Evidence and Administration of an Oath (1676-1783)+ 16. Book 16: Administration of Justice by the Courts (1784-1851)
    Mecelle/Dictionary . Mecelle/Fransızca - Mecelle/Arabî . Mecelle/Osmani ❍ (Majalla : Introduction .INTRODUCTION .Part I: Article 1 :PART II :Majalla/Definition and Classification of Turkic Jurisprudence . Majalla/ PART II:Majalla/MAXIMS OF TURKIC JURISPRUDENCE. (2-99 articles)
    Book IMajalla/Book I: : BUYU' (SALE) ● Book 1: Sale. 1.Kitap: Kitab'ul Büyû' Bir mukaddime ve 7 bab (101-403)
    Book IIMajalla/Book II: RENT(İCARAT)● Book 2: Hire : 2.Kitap: Kitab'ul İcârât Bir mukaddime 8 Bab (403-611)
    Book IIIMajalla/Book III: ● Book 3: Guarantee : 3.Kitap: Kitab'ul Kefâlet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (612-672)
    Book IVMajalla/Book VI:● Book 4: Transfer of Debt :4.Kitap: Kitab'ul Havâle Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (673-700)
    Book VMajalla/Book V● Book 5: Pledges :5.Kitap: Kitab'ul Rehn Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (701-761)
    Book VIMajalla/Book VI● Book 6: Trust and trusteeship : 6.Kitap: Kitab'ul Emanet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (762-832)
    Book VIIMajalla/Book VII ● Book 7: Gift .7.Kitap: Kitab'ul Hibe Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (833-880)
    Book VIIIMajalla/Book VIII● Book 8: Wrongful Appropriation and Destructions WRONGFUL APPROPRIATION AND DESTRUCTION8.Kitap: Kitab'ul Gasb ve-l İtlaf Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (881-940)
    Book IXMajalla/Book IX: Interdiction, Constraint and Pre-emption ●Book 9: Interdiction, Constraint and Pre-emption . 9.Kitap: Kitab'ul Hacr ve-l İkrah Veş-Şuf'a Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (941-104
    Book XMajalla/Book X● Book 10: Joint Ownership 10.Kitap: -Kitab'ul Şirket Bir Mukaddime 8 Bab (1045-1148)
    Book XIMajalla/Book XI● Book 11: Agency . 11.Kitap: Kitab'ul Vekalet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (1449-1530)
    Book XIIMajalla/Book XII● Book 12: Settlement and Release :12.Kitap: Kitab'ul Sulh ve-l İbra Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1531-1571)
    Book XIIIMajalla/Book XIII● Book 13: Admissions :13.Kitap: Kitab'ul İkrarBir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1572-1612)
    Book XIVMajalla/Book XIV● Book 14: Actions :14.Kitap: Kitab'ul Da'vâ Bir Mukaddime 12 Bab (1613-1675)
    Book XVMajalla/Book XV ● Book 15: Evidence and Administration of an Oath. 15.Kitap: Kitab'ul Beyyinat ve't-Tahlif Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1676-1783)
    Book XVIMajalla/Book XVI ● Book 16: Administration of Justice by the Courts 16.Kitap: Kitab'ul Kazâ Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1784-1851)
    KaynaklarMajalla English Word text

    Dosya:ENG Ottoman Majalle (Civil Law).pdf

    The Journal of The Verdicts of The Justice
    g • t • d
    FRANSIZCA :Mecelle/Fransızca . Le Medjellé (ou « la Medjellé » ; en turc : Mecelle, de l'arabe مجلة / majalla), aussi appelé « le Code civil ottoman », était composé de 16 livres et entra en vigueur en 1876 . Bu çalışmanın internette sayısal kelime işlemci olarak ilk kez sunulmasının öncülüğü Eyüp Sabri Kartal'a aittir. Mecelle/Tercümeleri . Mecelle/RAPORT ADRESSÉ A S. A. LE GRAND-VIZIR .Mecelle/Fransızca/SECTION I. Mecelle/Fransızca/SECTION II Principes fondamentaux du Droit Sacré : Macelle/Fransızca/1+99
    Mevzuat/Fransızca (Lagislation Ottomane) . Dosya:Osmanlı mevzuatı Fransızca procsverbaldepa00oriegoog.pdf - Dosya:Mecelle Fransızca Majalla .pdf - Dosya:Mecelle Ftansızca legislation ottom02nikogoog.pdf . Dosya:Hello.pdf Bir sayfa -Dosya:Mecelle Fransızca Majalla .pdf - (Demetrius Nicolaides, Code Civil Ottoman, İstanbul 1881; G. Young, Corps de Droit Ottoman, Oxford 1906, VI, 169-446)
    • Girit üniversitesi taramalarında 6 basımıda mevcut [10] (lütfen bizim üniversitelere yuh falan demeyiniz.. Yazıklar olsun demeyiniz...
    TakdimDimitri Nikolaidi Takdimi - AVERTISSEMENT DE L'ÉDITEUR
    RapportMecelle/RAPORT ADRESSÉ A S. A. LE GRAND-VIZIR
    Section IMecelle/Fransızca/SECTION I
    MaximsMecelle/Fransızca/SECTION II : Principes fondamentaux du Droit Sacré : Macelle/Fransızca/1+99
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    MECELLE: Mecelle cemiyeti
    Başkan : Ahmet Cevdet Paşa
    Üyeler1) Filibeli Halil Efendi, 2) Seyfeddin İsmail Efendi, 3) Sirvanizâde Seyyid Ahmed Hulûsi Efendi, 4) Ahmed Hilmi Efendi, 5) Bağdatlı Muhammed Emin Efendi, 6) İbn-i Âbidinzâde Alâeddin Efendi, 7) Gerdankıran Ömer Hulûsi Efendi, 8) Şeyhülislâm Kara Halil Efendi, 9) İsa Ruhî Efendi, 10) Yunus Vehbi Efendi, 11) Abdüllatif Şükrü Efendi, 12) Ahmed Hâlid Efendi, 13) Karinâbadli Ömer Hilmi Efendi, 14) Abdüssettar Efendi
    OluşumuHanefî fıkhından muktebes bir medenî kanun vücuda getirmek için Celaleddin Devvanî’nin Def-i Mezâlim adlı eserinden mülhem olarak, şer‘î mahkemelerin yanı başında nizamiye mahkemelerinin bulunmasında bir mahzûr görmeyen Cevdet Paşa’nın muârızları ile olan mücâdelesi şöyle hulâsa olunabilir: Başta Fransa elçisi olmak üzere muârızları 1804 tarihli Fransız Medenî Kanunu’nun kabulüne taraftar idiler. Ticâret nazırı Kabulî Paşa Fransız Codé Civil’ini Türkçe’ye tercüme ettirerek tasdik için Meclis-i Vükelâ’ya getirmiş idi. Bu husûsun müzâkeresi için havâss-ı vükelâdan mürekkeb encümende Fuad Paşa’nın söylediği nutuktan, Şirvânî-zâde Rüşdi Paşa ile Cevdet Paşa tarafından gösterilen delîlleri dinledikten sonra, fıkıh kitaplarından muâmelâta dair, zamanın icaplarına uygun olan meseleleri toplayarak, Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliye namı ile bir kitap kaleme alınmak üzere Cevdet Paşa’nın reisliği altında memleketin değerli âlimlerinden müteşekkil bir ilim cemiyeti kurulmasına karar verilmiştir. İşte Mecelle Cemiyeti diye meşhûr olan ilim cemiyeti budur. Cevdet Paşa Mecelle’nin ehemmiyetinden bahsederken, bunun bütün nizamî mahkemelerde tatbik edildiğini, Kıbrıs’ta bile İngilizler tarafından mer‘î tutulduğunu, Bulgaristan Emâreti’nin teşekkülünde Bulgarların önce Mecelle’yi kendi lisanlarına tercüme ederek kanunlarına esas olarak aldıklarını söylemiştir.
    TarihçesiMecelle’nin mukaddimesi ile birinci kitabı olan Bey’ 1286’da, 2. kitabı olan İcâre 1286’da, 3. kitabı olan Kefâlet 1287’de hazırlanmış ve ertesi senenin Muharrem’inde irâdesi alınmıştır. Yine bu sene Mecelle’nin 4. kitabı olan Havâle hazırlanmış ise de, bu bâbdaki cemiyet mazbatası epeyce çetin müzâkerelere marûz kalmıştır. Bu mazbatanın Sâdaret makamına takdiminden 8 gün sonra Divan-ı Ahkâm-ı Adliye nezâretinden azlolunan Cevdet Paşa’nın cemiyetten uzaklaştırılmış bulunması yüzünden çalışmalar aksamış ve bu kitap ancak senenin sonlarına doğru padişahın tasdikına sunulmuştur. 1287 senesi Şevvâl’inde Mecelle’nin 5. kitabı olan Rehin hazırlanıp Sâdaret makamına gönderilmiştir. Cevdet Paşa azledilmeden önce bu kitap oldukça hazırlanmış ve yazdığı müsveddeler kısmen tebyiz edilmiş idi. Yalnız rehinin son bahisleri olan akdin hükümlerinde bir eksiklik kalıp kalmadığını hakkı ile tetkike vakit kalmadan reislikten ayrılması üzerine fıkıhta rehinin en büyük hükmü sayılan, merhûnun telefi halinde borcun sukuta uğrayacağının tasrihi unutulmuştur. Cevdet Paşa’nın azlinden sonra zayıf bir surette teşekkül eden cemiyetin 6. kitabı olarak hazırladığı Vedia evvelki kitaplara uygun düşmediğinden her taraftan yapılan itirazlar ve tenkitler üzerine Cevdet Paşa’yı tekrar iş başına getirmek zarureti hâsıl olmuş ve bunun yerine vedia meselelerini de bir bâb halinde ihtivâ eylemek üzere Emânât kitabı yazılmıştır. 1289 yılı başlangıcında 7. kitap olan Hibe ve 8. kitap olan Gasp ve İtlaf neşredilmiştir. Bu kitapların baskı işleri ile uğraşıldığı sırada Mahmud Nedim Paşa’nın sadâret makamına gelmesi üzerine Cevdet Paşa tekrar cemiyet başından alınarak, arzusu hilâfına, Maraş valiliğine gönderilmiş ve bu yüzden yine bu iş yarım kalmıştır. Maraş vilâyetinin ilgâsı üzerine, İstanbul’a dönen Cevdet Paşa, sadrâzam Midhat Paşa tarafından, Mecelle’nin hazırlanmasına memur edildiğinden Hacir-İkrâh-Şüf’a adlı 9. kitap kaleme alınmıştır. Midhat Paşa’nın bu işe karşı gösterdiği husûsî alâka dolayısı ile toplantı yeri Bâb-ı Fetvâ’dan Bâbıâli’ye nakledilmiş olması yüzünden, Cevdet Paşa kendisini daha serbest bir muhitte bulmuş ve bu devrede hazırlanan kitapları, ilk devredekiler gibi, mûcip sebeplere dayanmak ve asrın yenilik bakımından olan icapları gözönüne alınmak suretiyle kaleme alınmıştır. 9. ve 10. Kitaplar, ihtivâ ettikleri hükümler bakımından, çok zengindir. Bunlar Bâbıâli vasıtası ile değil, Şeyhülislâm Turşucuzâde Ahmed Muhtar Efendi vasıtası ile, doğrudan doğruya padişaha sunularak, tasdik ettirilmiş ve keyfiyet Bâbıâli’ye Meşihat Dâiresi tarafından bildirilmiştir.

    Şeyhülislâmın eski an’anede mevcut bulunan bu salâhiyetini 1293 Kanun-ı Esasî’si dahi teyit etmiştir. Meşrutiyet’in ikinci defa ilânından sonra da bu kanunun esaslı surette değiştirilen maddelerinden biri olan 29. maddenin son fıkrasında da “Şeyhülislâm muhtâc-ı müzâkere olmayan mevâddı doğrudan doğruya arzeder” kaydı vardır. Şeyhülislâmın yazılı olmayan hükümlerde imamların kavillerinden biri yerine diğerini koymak için “imam-ı müslimîn”e yapacağı arzın müzâkereye muhtac bir keyfiyet sayılmayacağı da âşikârdır.

    1291 senesinde 10. kitap olan Şirket bastırılmış ve 11. kitap olan Vekâlet ve 12. kitap olan Sulh ve İbrâ’ya ait çalışmalar bitirilmiştir. Akşehirli Hasan Fehmi Efendi’nin yeniden şeyhülislâm olması üzerine kitapları Bâbıâli vasıtası ile arzı usûlüne dönülmüş ise de bu 12. kitaba ait mazbata Sadâret’e takdim olunmadan Cevdet Paşa’nın âni olarak Yanya valiliğine tayin olunması sebebi ile çalışmaları yine yüz üstü kalmıştır. Mâmafih Yanya’ya gittikten sonra da Cevdet Paşa, gayr-i resmî olarak, bu cemiyetin işleri ile uğraşmıştır.

    Halbuki ikinci defa Maarif nazırlığına tayin olunduktan sonra bu husûstaki çalışmalarını az çok gevşetmiştir. Mâmafih Adliye nazırlığına ikinci defa gelen Cevdet Paşa’nın Mecelle’de bırakılan noksanı nezârete ilave olunan ticâret mahkemeleri dolayısı ile pek yakından hissetmesi ve usûl-i muhakemenin esaslı ve sâlim kaidelere raptının âcil bir ihtiyac halini alması üzerine, hukuk muhâkemesi usûlüne ait hükümleri de ihtivâ edecek olan Mecelle çalışmaları hızlanmış ve bu sırada cemiyetce tamamlanan ve 13. kitap olan İkrâr’ı Adliye nazırı unvanı ile imzalamıştır. 14. kitap olan Dâva 1293’te irâdeye sunulmuştur ve bunu 15. kitap olan Beyyinât ve müteâkıben 16. ve sonuncu olan Kazâ kitabı tâkip etmiştir. Bundan sonra cemiyet kasâme meselesi ile uğraşmış, mahkemelerce tatbikatta pek çok güçlüklere sebebiyet veren bu güç iş de irâdeye sunulan bir müzekkere ile sağlam esasa bağlanmıştır.

    Sultan Abdülhamid II.’in günden güne artan vehmi, cemiyete iştirâk edenlerin sayısı ne kadar az olursa olsun her toplantıyı endişe ile karşılaması yüzünden çalışmaları felce uğratmış ve Mecelle’nin 16. kitabından sonraki kitapların takdiminden vazgeçilmiştir.
    MütealalarElmalılı Hamdi Yazır, 1909 yılında kaleme aldığı Mehâkim-i Şer’iyye ve Hükkâm-ı Şer’ Kanunu ve Esbâb-ı Mûcibe Mazbatası’nda “kanun-ı medenîmiz” olan Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliye ve Mecelle Cemiyeti hakkında şunları söylüyordu: “(…) bu devirler içinde yalnız Mecelle Cem’iyyet-i Celîlesi’nin eser-i himmeti olan kanûn-ı medenîmiz, kuvve-i kazâiyyemiz nâmına bir vesîle-i ibtihâc teşkil edebilirdi. Cem’iyyet-i müşârun ileyhânın idâmesiyle teşkîlât-ı adliyemizin ikmâline kadar o himmete mürâcaat olunmuş olaydı, Osmanlılar bugün pek muntazam bir kuvve-i kazâiyyeye mâlik olurlardı.”
    Cevdet Paşa 1303 (h.) tarihinde 5. defa Adliye nazırlığına gelince, Mecelle işleri ile yeniden uğraşmaya imkân bulmuş ise de, eski arkadaşlarından yalnız Karin-abatlı Ömer Hilmi Efendi kalmış ve yeniden âzâ tayin edilenler ile cemiyet eski tecânüsünü kaybetmiştir. Nihâyet Bâb-ı Fetvâ’daki ictimâlar Abdülhamid II.’in vehimini arttırdığından Cevdet Paşa’ya yapılan itaptan ve Sadrâzam Said Paşa’nın padişahın arzusuna uygun mütâleası alındıktan sonra 26 Cemâziyelevvel 1306 tarihli irâde ile cemiyet ilgâ olunmuş ve Mecelle mesâisi resmen nihâyet bulmuştur.
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