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Changes: BOOK XI

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AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH
   
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(The Ottoman Courts Manual)
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{{Majalla}}<br />{{Mecelle}}
  
   
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[[Kategori:Mecelle]]<br />[[Kategori:Majalla]]
  
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== [[BOOK XI]]. [[AGENCY]]. ==
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INTRODUCTION.
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TERMS OF THE TURKISH JURISPRUDENCE.
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● 1449. Agency consists of one person empowering some other person to perform some act for him, whereby the latter stands in the stead of the former in regard to such act. The first person is called the principal, the person who stands in his stead is called the agent, and the act is called the authorised act.
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● 1450. Messengership consists of the transmission of information by one person to some other person by means of some third person who is not privy to the matter in question. The person transmitting the information is called the messenger. The person who sends the message is called the person transmitting information. The person to whom the information is transmitted is called the recipient of the information.
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CHAPTER I. FUNDAMENTAL BASIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGENCY.
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● 1451. The basis of appointment of a person as agent is offer and acceptance. Thus, if the principal informs the agent that he has appointed him agent for a certain matter and the latter states that he has accepted, or uses some other expression importing acceptance, a contact of agency is concluded. Similarly, if the agent remains silent, but attempts to act in the matter referred to by the principal, he is considered to have accepted the agency by implication and his acts are valid. But if the agent refuses after the offer is made, the offer is of no effect. Consequently, if the principal informs a person that he has appointed him agent for a certain matter, and such person declines, but later begins to deal with the matter, all his acts in that respect are invalid.
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● 1452. Permission and ratification amount to an authority to act as agent.
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● 1453. Subsequent ratification has the same effect as a previous authorisation to act as agent.
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Example:- A, without authority, sells property belonging to B,and informs B thereof. B ratifies the sale, and A is considered to have performed the act as though he had previously been appointed agent by B.
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● 1454. Messengership is not of the same nature as agency.
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Examples:-
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(1). A sends his servant to fetch him money which his banker is going to lend him. The servant is A's messenger, not his agent to borrow money.
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(2). A sends B to a horse-dealer to buy a horse. B tells the horsedealer that A wishes to buy a certain horse from him. The horsedealer informs B that he has sold A the horse for so much money and asks B to inform A of this fact, and to deliver the horse to him. B does as requested and hands the horse over to A. A accepts forthwith. A sale has been concluded between A and the horsedealer. B has merely been a messenger and intermediary between the two, and not an agent.
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(3). A asks the butcher to give his servant who does the marketing so many okes of meat every day. The butcher does so. The servant is his master's messenger and not his agent.
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● 1455. An order is sometimes is the nature of agency and sometimes in the nature of messengership.
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Example:- A servant acting on orders from his master, buys property from a merchant. The servant is his master's agent for purchase. But if the master does business with a merchant, and sends his servant to fetch and bring the property purchased, the servant in his master's messenger and not his agent.
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● 1456. The basis of an authority to act as agent is sometimes absolute. That is to say, it is not dependent upon a condition, or made with reference to any particular time or subject to any limitations.
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The basis of an authority to act as agent is sometimes conditional.
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Example:- A informs B that he has made him his agent to sell his horse in the event of a certain merchant coming to his place, B agrees. The authority to act as agent is concluded subject to the merchant coming to such place. If he comes, the agent can sell the horse, but not otherwise. The basis of an authority to act as agent is sometimes subject to certain time.
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Example :- A informs B that he has made him his agent to sell his animals in the month of April and B accepts. B can sell the animals as agent when the month of April comes or thereafter, but not before.
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The basis of an authority to act as agent is sometimes subject to a limitation. Example:- A informs B that he has appointed him his agent to sell his watch for a thousand piastres. B's authority to act as agent is subject to the limitation that he may not sell for less than a thousand piastres.
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CHAPTER II. CONDITIONS ATTACHING TO AGENCY
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● 1457. The principal must be able to perform the act which is the subject matter of the agency. Consequently, any authority to act as agent conferred by a minor of imperfect understanding, or a lunatic, is invalid. A minor of perfect understanding may not confer any power to act as agent upon any other person in such matters as bestowal of property by way of gift, or giving alms, which can only be to the disadvantage of the minor, even though his tutor authorises him to do so. A minor may, however, authorise some other person to act as agent for him for the purpose of accepting such things as gifts or alms, which can only be for his advantage even without the permission of his tutor. As regards dispositions of property which may either be to his advantage or disadvantage such as sale and purchase, the minor may authorise some other person to act as agent, if he has been authorised to engage in trade. If not, the authorisation to act as agent in dependent upon ratification by the tutor.
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● 1458. The agent must be of sound mind and perfect understanding. He need not have arrived at the age of puberty. Consequently, a minor of perfect understanding, may become an agent. The rights under the contract, however, do not effect him, but his principal.
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● 1459.Any person may appoint any other person his agent to perform any act which he can himself perform, or to fulfil any obligation, or to acquire any right, in respect to any transaction to which he himself is liable or entitled.
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Example:- A may validly appoint B his agent for buying and selling, giving and taking on hire, giving and taking on pledge, giving and receiving for safe keeping, bestowing and receiving by way of gift, settlement, discharge, admission, instituting an action at law, claiming a right of preemption, partition, paying and receiving payment of debts and taking delivery of property. The subject matter of the agency, however, must be known.
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CHAPTER III. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF AGENCY.
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SECTION I. GENERAL.
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● 1560. A contract concluded by an agent must be made by reference to his principal in the case of gift, loan for use, pledge, deposit for safe keeping, lending money, partnership, partnership of capital and labour, and settlement by way of denial. If the matter is not so referred to the principal, it is invalid.
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● 1461. A contract concluded by an agent need not be made by reference to his principal in the case of sale and purchase, hire, and settlement by way of admission. Such contract is valid if merely concluded by the agent alone, ownership passes to the principal alone. Should the contract be made without reference to the principal, however, the rights under the contract belong to the contracting party, that is to say, the agent. if the contract is made with reference to the principal, the rights under the contract belong to the principal. In that case, the position of the agent is similar to that of a messenger.
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Examples:-
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(1). An agent for sale concludes the contract without reference to his principal, but merely with reference to himself, and, upon selling the property of his principal, must deliver the property sold to the purchaser. He may claim and receive the price from the purchaser. Should any person appear who is entitled to the property purchased, obtain judgement therefor, and seize the same, the purchaser may have recourse against the agent for sale, that is to say, may claim the price which he has given to him.
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(2). An agent for purchase concludes a contract in this way without reference to his principal. He may take delivery of the property purchased, and, even though he has not received the price of the property purchased from his principal, he is obliged to pay it to the vendor from his own property. Should some defect of long standing appear in the property purchased the agent has the right of bringing an action to secure its return.
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(3). An agent concludes a contract with reference to his principal, as where he states that he has sold or thought an agent for A. In this case, the contractual rights referred to above belong to the principal, the position of the agent being similar to that of a messenger.
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● 1462. In the case of messengership, the rights under the contract belong to the person sending the messenger. The messenger is in no way concerned therewith.
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● 1463. Property in the possession of an agent which he has received in his capacity as agent for sale, or purchase, or paying or receiving payment of debt, or receiving any specific property, is considered to be property deposited with him for safe keeping. If it is destroyed without fault or negligence, the loss need not be made good. Property in the possession of a messenger in virtue of his duties as messenger is also considered to be property deposited for safe keeping.
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● 1464. If a debtor sends the sum of money he is owing to his creditor and it is destroyed while in the possession of the messenger before being received by the creditor, the debtor must bear the loss if the messenger is his. If the messenger is the creditor's, however, it is the creditor's property which is destroyed and the debtor is free from the debt.
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● 1465. If any person appoints two persons simultaneously to be his agent, one of them alone may act as agent. One of them, however, may act alone in actions at law, or for the return of things deposited for safe keeping, or for paying a debt. But if one person has been appointed agent for any particular matter and the other has also been directly appointed agent for the same matter, either of them may act as agent.
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● 1466. A person who has been appointed agent for any particular matter may not appoint any other person as agent. Nevertheless, if his principal has authorised him to do so, or to act as he thinks fit, the agent can appoint some other person as agent. The person whom the agent authorises to act as agent in this way becomes the agent of the principal, and not the agent of the agent. Thus, if the first agent is removed or dies, the second agent remains as agent.
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● 1467. If upon the appointment of the agent, it has been agreed that a salary shall be paid to him, the agent is entitled to such salary upon fulfilling the terms of the agency. if no stipulation has been made for payment, and the agent is not one of those persons who work for a wage, his services are free, and he cannot demand payment.
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SECTION II. AGENCY FOR PURCHASE.
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● 1468. In accordance with the terms of the last paragraph of Article 1459, the subject matter of the agency must be sufficiently well known to enable it to be carried out. Thus, the principal must state the nature of the thing to be purchased. If there are various sorts of things of that nature, it is not enough merely to state the nature of such thing, but the particular sort or price of such thing must be mentioned. If the nature of the thing to be bought is not stated, or if it is stated, and there are various sorts of that nature and the particular sort or the price thereof is not mentioned, the agency is invalid, unless the authority to act as agent is of a general nature.
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Example:- A appoints B his agent to purchase a horse. The appointment is valid. A appoints B his agent to purchase cloth for making into clothes. A must state the nature thereof, that is to say, whether he wants striped cloth or cloth of any other nature. He must also state the sort of cloth he wants, such as Damascus or Indian cloth, or state the price thereof, such as so many piastres for the roll. If the nature is not stated, as where the principal merely asks for the purchase of a piece of cloth, or where, for example, he asks for the purchase of striped cloth without stating the sort or price thereof, the appointment as agent is invalid. But if the principal instructs the agent to buy a roll of cloth to be made into clothes or some striped cloth of whatever nature or sort the agent may think fit, the agency is general and the agent may purchase whatever nature or sort he chooses.
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● 1469. The nature of a thing is changed with any change in the substance of such thing, or the object for which it was intended, or the manufacture thereof.
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Example:- Cotton cloth and linen cloth are of different nature, since the substance from which they are made is different. The wool and skin of a sheep are of a different nature since the object for which they are used is different, the skin being used to make bags, and the wool to make thread to weave carpets, two totally different things. Sharkot felt differs from shak felt, although both are made from wool, since there is a difference in their manufacture.
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● 1470. If the agent acts in contravention of his instructions as to the nature of the thing to be purchased, that is to say, if the principal tells the agent to purchase something of a certain nature, and he buys the property of of some other nature, the principal is not bound thereby, however much more advantageous the thing may be which the agent has bought. That is to say, the agent is considered to have bought the property for himself and not for his principal.
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● 1471. If the principal instructs the agent to purchase a ram, and he buys a sheep, the principal is not bound thereby, and the sheep belongs to the agent.
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● 1472. If the principal instructs the agent to purchase a certain piece of land, and buildings are erected on such land, the agent cannot thereafter purchase such land on behalf of his principal. But if he instructs him to purchase a certain house, and such house is plastered, or another wall is added thereto, the agent may purchase such house of behalf of his principal.
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● 1473. If the principal instructs the agent to purchase milk, without indicating what milk, the principal shall be understood to mean the milk which it is the custom to use in the district.
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● 1474. If the principal instructs the agent to buy rice, the agent may purchase any sort of rice sold in the market.
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● 1475. If any person intends to appoint some other person as agent to buy a house, he must state the district in which it is situated and the price thereof. If he does not do so, the agency is invalid.
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● 1476. If any person intends to appoint some other person his agent to purchase a pearl or a red ruby, he must state the price he is prepared to pay. If he fails to do so, the agency is invalid.
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● 1477. In the case of things estimated by quantity, the quantity or price of the subject matter of the agency must be stated.
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Example:- A appoints B his agent to buy corn. A must state the number of Kiles, or the price thereof, by stating the amount of money to be expended on the corn. If he fails to do so, the agency is invalid.
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● 1478. The subject matter of the agency need not be described.
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Example:- It need not be stated whether of the best quality or of medium quality, or of the lowest quality.
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The description of the subject matter of the agency must, however, correspond to the position of the principal.
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Example:- A, who lets horses on hire, appoints B his agent to buy a horse. The agent may not purchase an Arab horse at twenty thousands piastres. If he does so, the principal is not bound thereby. That is to say, the horse is not bought for the principal, but becomes the property of the agent only.
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● 1479. If the appointment as agent is made subject to a limitation, no act may be performed by the agent in contravention thereof. If he does so, the principal is not bound, and any property purchased belongs to the agent. But if the agent acts in contravention of his appointment in a way more advantageous to the principal, such act is not considered to amount to contravention.
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Examples:-
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(1). A instructs his agent, B, to buy a certain house for ten thousand piastres. If B exceeds this price, A is not bound and the house becomes B's property. If B buys it for less than ten thousand piastres, it is considered to be bought for the principal.
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(2). A instructs B, his agent, to buy on credit. B buys and pays cash. The property belongs to the agent. But if A instructs B to buy for ready money and the agent buys on credit, the property is considered to be bought for the principal.
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● 1480. If a person buys half the thing he is appointed agent to purchase, such purchase is not binding upon the principal if such thing will be injured by being divided. If not, he is bound thereby.
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Example:- A instructs B, his agent, to buy a roll of cloth. B buys half a roll. A is not bound thereby, and the cloth becomes the property of the agent. But if A tells B to buy six Kiles of corn, and B buys three kiles, the corn is presumed to have been bought for the principal.
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● 1481. If the principal instructs his agent to buy him cloth to make a cloak, there is not sufficient cloth in that purchased by the agent to make the cloak, the principal is not bound thereby and the cloth belongs to the agent.
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● 1482. If the price of a thing is not mentioned, the person who is appointed agent to purchase may buy such thing for the estimated value thereof, or at a price subject to minor misrepresentation. Things the price and value of which are fixed, however, such as meat and bread, may not be bought at even subject to minor misrepresentation. If the agent buys such things as a result of flagrant misrepresentation, however, the principal is in no case bound by the purchase, and the property belongs to the agent.
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● 1483.Purchase outright is understood to be purchase for cash. Thus, if a person who has been appointed agent for the purchase of anything purchases such thing by exchanging other property therefor, the principal is not bound thereby, and such thing belongs to the agent.
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● 1484. If a person appoints some other person his agent to purchase something which is necessary for some particular season it is considered to relate to that season.
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Example:- A appoints B his agent to purchase a cloak made of goat hair in the spring season. B is considered to be appointed agent to purchase such a cloak for use in the summer season. If he buys after the season has passed or buys in the spring of next year, the principal is not bound by such purchase, and the cloak becomes the property of the agent.
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1485. A person who is appointed agent to buy some specified thing cannot purchase such thing for himself. If when buying such thing he states that he has purchased it for himself, it nevertheless becomes the property of the principal. Nevertheless, if he buys such thing for a higher price than that fixed by the principal, or, if no price has been fixed and he buys as a result of flagrant misrepresentation, the property in that case belongs to the agent. Again, if the principal is present and the agent states that he has bought such thing for himself,the property belongs to the agent.
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● 1486. If a person appoints some other person his agent to buy a horse,the horse becomes the property of his principal if at the time he made the purchase he stated that he has bought on behalf of his principal. If he states that he has bought for himself, the horse becomes his property. If he merely states that he has purchased the horse without stating, and later states that he has purchased on behalf of his principal, such statement is effective if made before the horse is destroyed or some defect appears. But if makes such statement after the horse is destroyed or after some defect appears, such statement is of no effect.
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● 1487. If two persons separately appoint a person as agent to purchase a certain thing, the property belongs to the person whom the agent intended to effect the purchase.
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● 1488. If an agent for purchase sells his own property to his principal such sale is invalid.
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● 1489. If the agent becomes aware of a defect in the property purchased before delivering it to his principal, he may himself reject it. He may not reject it after delivery, however, without an order and authority from his principal to do so.
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● 1490. If the agent buys property to be paid for at some future date, the same condition as to payment affects the principal, and the agent may not ask the principal to make payment forthwith. If the agent, however, purchases by an immediate cash payment, and the vendor thereafter adjourns the date for payment, the agent can demand payment forthwith from the principal.
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● 1491. If an agent for purchase pays the price from his own property and takes delivery of property purchased, he can exercise a right of recourse against his principal, that is to say, he can recover from him the price which he has paid. If he has not already paid the price which he has paid. If he has not already paid the price of the property purchased to the vendor, he may claim the price from his principal, and may exercise a right of retention over the property until such time as the principal has paid.
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● 1492. If the property purchased by an agent for purchase is accidentally destroyed or lost while in the possession of the agent, the loss must be borne by the principal, and no reduction is made in the price if the agent has exercised a right of retention over such property in order to obtain payment of the price, however, and such property is destroyed or lost, the price must be paid by the agent.
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● 1493. An agent for purchase may not rescind a contract of sale without the permission of his principal.
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SECTION III. AGENCY FOR SALE.
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● 1494. An agent who has been granted an absolute power to conclude contracts of sale may sell his principal's property at any price he thinks fit, whether great or small.
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● 1495. If the principal has fixed the price, that is to say, if he has instructed the agent to sell for so much, the agent may not sell for less than such price. If he does so, the sale is concluded subject to ratification by the principal. If the agent sells it on his own initiative for a price lower than that mentioned, and delivers the property to the purchaser, the principal may call upon him to make good the loss.
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● 1496. If an agent for sale purchases his principal,s property for himself, such purchase is invalid.
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● 1497. An agent for sale may not sell the property of his principal to persons whose evidence given on his behalf is invalid. If he sells for than the value of the property, however, the sale is valid. If the agent is appointed in virtue of a general power, the principal instructing him to sell to whomsoever he may think fit, the agent may validly sell to such persons for an estimated price.
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● 1498. If an agent has been granted an absolute power of sale, he may sell his principal's property for cash or on credit for a period recognised by merchants in respect to such property. He may not, however, sell on credit for a longer period than that recognised by custom. If the agent has been appointed, either expressly or by implication, to sell for cash, he may not sell on credit.
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Example :- A principal instructs his agent to sell certain property for cash or to sell certain property for cash or to sell certain property and pay a debt of his with the proceeds. The agent may not sell on credit.
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● 1499. If injury is caused by the separation of a thing, the agent cannot sell half thereof.
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● 1500. An agent may take a pledge or a surety in respect to the price of property which he has sold on credit. If the pledge is destroyed or the surety becomes bankrupt, the agent is not liable to make good the loss.
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● 1501. If a principal instructs his agent to take a pledge or a surety in respect to property sold, the agent may not sell such property without taking a pledge or a surety.
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● 1502. If an agent for sale fails to obtain the price of the property sold from the purchaser, he cannot be forced to pay the price thereof to his principal out of his own property.
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● 1503. The price of the thing sold may validly be received both by the agent and the principal.
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● 1504. If the agent is working without remuneration, he is not obliged to obtain payment of the price of the property sold. If he does not do so of his own accord, however, he must appoint his principal to be his agent to obtain payment of the price. But persons such as brokers and auctioneers who are appointed as agents for sale subject to remuneration, are obliged to obtain payment of the price of the thing sold.
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● 1505. An agent for sale may rescind the sale on his own initiative. The rescission, however, is not executory as regards the principal, and the agent must pay the price thereof to the principal.
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SECTION IV. INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN BY ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER.
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1506. If one person gives an instruction to another person to pay a sum of money owing by him to some third person, or to the State, and such person pays such sum of money from his own property, he may thereafter exercise a right of recourse against the person who gave the instruction, whether such right of recourse has been agreed upon or not. That is to say, whether he uses expressions which imply a right of recourse, as where he instructs a person to pay a sum of money owing by him and thereafter to recover such sum from him, or where he instructs him to pay and recover from him later, or whether he merely instructs him to pay a sum of money owing by him
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● 1507. If one person instructs another to pay a sum of money owing by him from his own property in base coin and he pays in sound coin, base coin only can be recovered from the person who gave the instruction. If such person is instructed to pay in sound coin, but pays the debt in base coin, he can recover base coin only. If a person who has been instructed by some other person to pay a sum of money owing by him, sells his own property to the creditor and pays such person's debt therefrom, the person who pays the debt may recover the amount thereof from the person who gave the instruction, whatever that amount may be . If he sells his own property to the creditor for an amount greater than the value thereof the person who gave the instruction for the debt to be paid cannot deduct the balance from the debt.
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● 1508. If any person instruct any other person to incur expenditure for himself or his relations and family, such person may recover a reasonable amount of expenses from the person who gave the instruction whether the latter has expressly authorised him to do so or not. Again, one person instructs another to have his house repaired and the latter does so. He may recover a reasonable sum from such person, even though no agreement has been made to that effect.
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● 1509. If any person instructs any other person to make a loan of money, or to give him alms, stating that he will repay him later, and such person does so, He may recover such money from the person who gave the instruction. If the person giving the instruction, however, makes no stipulation as to recourse as by stating that he will give him money, or that the person paying the money may later recover it from him, but merely gives an instruction to pay, such person has no right of recourse. Nevertheless, if it is customary in such matters to have recourse against the person giving the instruction, as where the person to whom the instruction is given is a member of the family of the person giving the instruction, or is his partner, such person may exercise a right of recourse, even though no stipulation has been made therefor. ( See Article 36).
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● 1510. Any instruction given by any particular person is only effective in regard to that person's property.
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Example:- A instructs B to throw certain property into the sea. B does so knowing that the property in question belongs to some one else. The owner of the property can call upon B to make good the loss. The person who gave the instruction is not liable, unless he used compulsion.
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● 1511. If any person instruct any other person to pay a debt owing to him, and amounting to a certain sum, from his own property and such person promises to do so, but fails to pay the sum in question, such person cannot be made to pay the debt by reason merely of having promised to do so.
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● 1512. If the person to whom an instruction to pay a debt is given owes money to the person giving the instruction, or has money belonging to the latter deposited with him for safe keeping, such person is bound to pay the debt. But if the person giving the instruction orders certain of his property to be sold and the debt to be paid therefrom, the person to whom the instruction is given is not obliged to pay such debt even though he is unsalaried agent. If he is salaried agent, however, he is obliged to sell such property and pay the debt of the person who gave the instruction from the proceeds.
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● 1513. If any person gives a sum of money to some other person instructing him to pay it to a creditor of his, the other creditors of the person giving the instruction have no right to claim a share therein and the person to whom the instruction has been given may only pay the money to the creditor mentioned in the instruction.
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● 1514. If any person gives any other person a sum from which to pay a debt owing to some third person, and it is known that the person to whom the money belongs has died before such money has been made over to the creditor, the money is question must be paid to the estate of the person to whom the money belonged, and the creditor must have recourse against the estate.
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● 1515. If any person gives a sum of money to pay to his creditor with instructions that the sum in question shall not be handed over unless an acknowledgement is endorsed on the bill or a receipt given therefor, and such person hands over the money without obtaining any acknowledgement or receipt, and the creditor later denies having received the money, and the debtor, being unable to prove payment, is obliged to pay the debt a second time, the latter may call upon the person to whom he gave the money to make good the loss.
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SECTION V. AGENCY FOR LITIGATION.
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● 1516. Both plaintiff and defendant may authorise any person they may wish to act as their agent for litigation. Neither party need obtain the consent of the other.
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● 1517. Any admission made against his client by the person authorised to act as his agent for litigation is valid if made in Court. If made out of Court,it is invalid and the agent may be dismissed. ● 1518. Any person who appoints another his agent for litigation may validly forbid him to make any admission against him, in which case an admission made by the agent against his client is invalid. ( See last paragraph of Article 1456). Again, if the agent makes an admission in Court, and is not authorised to do so, he shall be dismissed.
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● 1519. An agency for litigation does not include an agency to take delivery. Consequently, if an advocate is not an agent to take delivery, he cannot act as agent to take delivery of the subject matter of the judgement.
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● 1520. An agency to receive does not include an agency for litigation.
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SECTION VI. DISMISSAL OF AGENTS.
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● 1521. The principal may dismiss his agent from his agency. He may not do so, however, if the rights of third parties are affected. Thus, a person owing a sum of money gives his property as a pledge for the debt. At the time the contract of pledge was concluded, or at some later date, he appoints a person as his agent to sell the pledge when the debt falls due. The principal may not dismiss the agent without the consent of the pledgee. Similarly, at the request of the plaintiff, a defendant appoints a person his agent for litigation. He cannot dismiss him in the absence of the plaintiff.
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● 1522. The agent himself may relinquish the agency, but, as stated above, he may not do so if the rights of third persons are affected, but must perform his duties.
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● 1523. Upon a principal dismissing an agent from his agency, the dismissal does not becomes effective until information thereof has been given to the agent, and any disposition of property made by him up to that time is valid.
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● 1524.Upon the agent giving up the agency, he must inform his principal thereof, and the agent is responsible for performing his duties as agent until the principal has been so informed. ● 1525. The principal may dismiss a person appointed as agent to receive a debt during the absence of the debtor. If the principal appointed him as agent in the presence of the debtor. Thus, if the debtor pays the debt to him while unaware of his dismissal, he is free from liability for the debt.
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● 1526. The agency terminates upon the completion of the duties for which the agent was appointed, and, naturally, is discharged therefrom.
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● 1527. The agent is discharged upon the death of the principal. He is not discharged, however, if the rights of any third party are affected thereby. ( See Article 760.)
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● 1528. Upon the death of the principal, any agent appointed by the agent is discharged from the agency. (See Article 1466.)
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● 1529. Agency is not transmissible by way of inheritance. That is to say, if the agent dies, the validity of the agency expires and consequently the heir of the agent does not stand in his stead.
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● 1530. If the principal or the agent are afflicted with madness, the agency is null and void. Promulgated by Royal Iradah, 20th Jumudi-ul-Ula, 1291.
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{{Majalla}}
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{{Mecelle}}
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[[Kategori:Mecelle]]
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[[Kategori:Majalla]]

03.16, 25 Haziran 2019 tarihindeki hâli

Adobe Post 20190711 080718

Majalla/English

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D Şablon:Majalla bakınız .Portal:Mecelle. Majalla. Mecelle/English [1]
AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH (The Ottoman Courts Manual (Hanafi)) The Journal of The Verdicts of The Justice Mecelle/Dictionary ENG word .Mecelle/İngilizce/Düz metin Majalla 1. Sale (BUYU' 101-403 ). 2.Majalla/Book II BOOK II:Hire 404-611 . BOOK III: GUARANTEE

INTRODUCTION Definition and Classification of Turkic Jurisprudence MAXIMS OF TURKIC JURISPRUDENCE BOOK I BOOK II BOOK III BOOK IV BOOK V BOOK VI BOOK VII BOOK VIII BOOK IX BOOK X BOOK XI BOOK XII BOOK XIII BOOK XIV BOOK XV BOOK XVI
Mecelle/Fransızca Mecelle/Arabî Mecelle/Osmani Anadoluda hukuk bilinci

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D Portal:Mecelle - Mecelle(Türkî) -Majalla (Eng) -Mecelle/English - Mejelle - המג'לה (İbranî) . MEDŽELLE (Bosnian) . Medjelle Meğelle Mecelle-'i Ahkâm-ı'Adlīye ,Majallah el-Ahkâm-ı-Adliya, مجلة الأحكام العدلية . Mecelle/Arabî - مجلةMecelle/Arabi- Mecelle/Fihrist - Mecelle/Fransızca Kodifikasyon hareketleri .MKK/Düz Metin linkli

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D Şablon:Mecelle/Mukaddime . MKK. 1.Kitap:Büyu' . 2.Kitap: .3.Kitap:. 4.Kitap:.5.Kitap:. 6.Kitap:. 7.Kitap:.8.Kitap:. 9.Kitap:. 10.Kitap:Şirket 11.Kitap. 12.Kitap:. 13.Kitap:.14.Kitap:İbra 15.Kitap:Dava KBVT. 16.Kitap:Kaza Mecelle/Resimler

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D .
Son: İfade-i mahsusa - Mecelle Cemiyetinin mazbatasıdır osmanlıca Ahmet Cevdet Paşa...Son:MC/1 MC/2... MKK Mecellenin Külli Kaideleri.... KSVİ KİTÂBÜ'S-SULH VE'L-İBRÂ KİTÂBÜ'S-SULH VE'L-İBRÂ/Düz Metin..... Kitab-ı İkrar.... Kitab-ı Dava Kitab-ı Dava/Düz metin..... KBVT Kitab-ı Beyyinat ve Tehalif Şablon:KBVT... Kitab-ı Dava Şablon:Kitab-ı Dava.... Kitab-ı İkrar Şablon:Kitab-ı İkrar.... KBVT.... Kitab-ı Kaza Şablon:Kitab-ı Kaza Kitab-ı Kaza/Günümüz Türkçesiyle... Şablon:Kitâbü'l- vekalet Kitâbü'l-Vekâle..... KİTAB-I VEDİA züfer görüşlerine 5. kitapta yer verip tepki çekmesi üzerine mecelle'nin 6. kitabının hazırlandığı komisyondan birtakım entrikalarla uzaklaştırılır ve mecelle'nin en kötü kitabı da bu 6. kitaptır. bakarlar ki o'nsuz ellerine yüzlerine bulaştıracaklar, kendisini geri çağırırlar ve o kötü hazırlanan 6. kitap (kitab'ül vedia) toplatılır. Mecelle/Eleştiriler Mecelle/Mütealalar Mecelle/Mutealalar/Ebul Ula Mardin Mecelle cemiyeti Mecelle/Eşi sözlük seçmeleri MECELLE’NİN TA’DİL EDİLEN MADDELERİNİN İSLAM HUKUKU AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Mecelle/Günümüz Türkçesiyle İzah güzel Yetkin de çıkmış
Mecelle/Vecizeler Mecelle/BİBLİYOGRAFYA Mecelle/Hazırlanışı Mecelle/Mutealalar/Ebul Ula Mardin
ESK/Mecelle ESK/Mecelle/1-100 ESK/Mecelle/1-100/Kelime İzahlı Mecelle’nin üslûbu bir kânun kitabi olarak sâheserdir. Fesâhet ve belâgatla yazilmistir. Bilhassa basindaki 99 fikih kâidesinin çogu, dilimize ezberlenmesi kolay cümleler hâlinde girmistir. Bunlarda Ahmed Cevdet Pasanin akici ve düzgün ifâdesi hissedilmektedir. Fakat o devrin Türkçesi hakkinda ve o konularda bilgisi olmayanlar Mecelle’yi kolayca anlayamazlar. Mecelle’nin basindaki küllî (genel) kâidelerin çoğu, Islâm fakihlerinden Ibn-i Nüceym’in Esbah ve’n-Nezâir adli eseriyle Mecâmi Serhi’nden alinmistir. --- Mecelle/Fransızca Mecelle/Arabî
Osmanlıca Mecelle Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Osmanlıca Osmanlıca PDF mecelle
مجلة احكام عدلى Arapçası
Mecelle Esbâb-ı Mûcibe Mazbatası
Mecelle/Sadaretin Arzı ve İrade-i Seniyye
Mecelle/Mukaddime Majalla/Introduction Majalla/Part I
Mecelle'den seçme hükümler güzel medeni kanun hükümleri
Mecelle/Fransızca Mecelle/Rumca Mecelle/Boşnakça Mecelle/Osmani Mecelle/Türki Mecelle/Farisi Mecelle/Arabî Mecelle/English
• İddianame için: mütevatirin aleyhine Beyyine kabul olunmaz. Madde 73.md Hatası zahir olan zanna itibar yoktur
ŞERHLER:Mecelle şerhi Mecelle/Şerhleri MM hocası Atıf Bey şerhi - Archive org Atif bey mecelle Şerhi
Mecelle/VP Mecelle/WP Mecelle/WP Arabi
Mecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliye
Tafsili Mecelle İcmali Mecelle İzahlı Mecelle Mecelle Taramaları
Mecal Mecal-ı şahsi Mecellat Megillah [2] Ester Esther Aşir Aşur Aysu Esau Isaiah Book of Esther [3] Ester kitabı [4]) :Hz.Muhammed as hakkında haberler vardır. İbni Kesir Peygamber olduğunu söyler.

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D . Mecelle/Şerhleri Ali Haydar Efendi , Dürerül-Hukkâm (Osmanlica) Haci Resid Pasa , Rûhul-Mecelle , Mes’ud Efendi (Kayseri Müftüsü ) Mir’atül-Mecelle (Arapça ) G. Snopian (Fransiz Yazar) , Code Civil Ottoman

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D. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça Osmanlıca Türkçe İngilizce Fransızca MKK/Düz Metin . MKK/Düz Metin linkli MKK/1-25 MKK/26-50 MKK/51-75 MKK/75-100 MKK. Mecelle/Hukukun Kavaid-i Külliyesi... Mecellenin külli kaideleri... Mecelle'den seçme hükümler... Majalla/ PART II... Mecelle/İlk 100 MADDE ... Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Osmanlıca ... Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça... Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça Osmanlıca Türkçe.... Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Türkçe kelime izahlı... Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arabi Türki İzahlı ve Şerhli.... ESK/Mecelle/1-100.... ESK/Mecelle/1-100/Kelime İzahlı.... Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Osmanlıca... Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça... Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça Osmanlıca Türkçe... Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arabi Türki İzahlı ve Şerhli... MKK.. Mecellenin Külli Kaideleri.... Mecelle/Hukukun Kavaid-i Külliyesi

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D . 50. Md şablonu güzel. MKK. MKK1 . MKK/1-25.MKK/1-30.MECELLE. MC/Mukaddime MAKALE-İ ÛLÂ; İLM-i FIKHIN TARİF VE TAKSİMİ HAKKINDADIR . Definition of Jurisprudence: MC/1 . MC/2 . MC/3 . MC/4 . MC/5 . MC/6 . MC/7 . MC/8 . MC/9 . MC/10 . MC/7 MC/8 MC/9 MC/10 MC/11 MC/12 MC/13 MC/14 MC/15 MC/16 MC/17 MC/18 MC/19 MC/20 MC/21 MC/22 MC/23 MC/24 MC/25
MAKALE-İ SANİYE; KAVÂİD-İ FIKHİYYE BEYÂNINDADIR MC/2 - Bir işden maksad ne ise hüküm ona göredir. Yani bir iş üzerine terettüb edecek hüküm ol işten maksat ne ise ona göre olur.MC. 170, 769, 1240.; TMK. 1, 2, 3, 84, 114, 125.; TBK. 18, 20, , 41, 43, 48, 82, 83.; ZGB. 2., 3.; BGB. 157, 242, 932.; TCK. 45 MC/3 - Ukûdda itibar makâsıt ve maâniyedir, elfâz ve mebâniye değildir.MC. MC/262, MC/389, MC/648.; TMK. ı, 2, 3.; TBK ı, 18,25, 26, 154, 165, 178, 505.; MH. 314, Madde 4 - Şek ile yakin zâil olmaz.MC. MC/5, MC/6, MC/7, MC/8, MC/9, MC/10, MC/11, MC/12. Madde 5 - Bir şeylin bulunduğu hal üzere kalması asıldır.MC. MC/6, MC/10, MC/1685, MC/1776, MC/1777.; TMK IS Madde 6 - Kâdim kıdemi üzere zikrolunur.MC. MC/166, MC/1224, MC/1197.; MH. 48; TBK. 125 - 140. Madde 7- Zarar kadim olmaz.MC. MC/6 , MC/166, MC/1166, MC/1224; MH. 48.; TBK. 125 - 140. Madde 8 - Berâ'et-i zimmet asıldır.MC. MC/9, MC/612. Madde 9 — Sıfât-ı ârizada asl olan ademdir.MC/8, MC/332 Madde 10 — Bir zamanda sabit olan şeylin hilâfina delil olmadıkça bekâsıyla hükmolunur. MC MC/5, MC/1621, MC/1592. Madde 11 - Bir emr-i hâdisin akreb-i evkâtına izâfeti asıldır. MC MC/10, MC/5, MC/8; HUMK 299. Madde 12 - Kelâmda asl olan manây-ı hakîkîdir.MC. MC/13, MC/60, MC/61.; TMK ı, 2; TBK18. Madde 13 - Tasrih mukâbelesinde delâlete i'tibar yokdur.MC. MC/12, MC/772.; TBK. ı. 2:, HUMK. 234, Madde 14 - Mevrid-i nassda ictihâda mesâğ yoktur.MC. MC/15, MC/16, MC/167.; TMK. ı, 2; TBK 18. Madde 15 - Alâ hilâfi'l-kıyâs sâbit olan şey sâire makîsün-aleyh olamaz.MC. MC/14, MC/16. MC/1659. Madde 16 - İctihâd ile ictihâd nakz olmaz.MC. MC/14, MC/15.; TMK. 1; TCK. 44 Madde 17 - Meşakkat tesyîri celbeder.MC. MC/18, MC/19, MC/20, MC/205, MC/223, MC/396, MC/799.; TMK. 2 Madde 18 - Bir iş zîk oldukda müttesi olur.MC. MC/17. Madde 19 - Zarar ve mukâbele bi'z-zarâr yokdur.MC. MC/20, MC/25, MC/26, MC/27, 28, MC/29.; TMK. 41, 61, vd; Madde 20 - Zarar izâle olunur.MC. MC/19, MC/21, MC/22, MC/25, MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/30, MC/32, MC/998, MC/1201.; TBK 41 vd. Madde 21 - Zarûretler memnû' olan şeyleri mübah kilâr. MC. MC/22, MC/96, MC/97, MC/1007.; TBK. 52; TCK 49-50, 516/4. Madde 22 - Zarûretler kendi mikdarlarınca takdir olunur.MC.MC/21, MC/23.; TBK. 52; TCK. 49-50, 516/4 Madde 23 - Bir özür için câiz olan şey ol özrün zevâliyle bâtıl olur.MC. MC/22, MC/517. Madde 24 - Mâni' zâil oldukda memnû' avdet eder.MC. MC/19, MC/335, MC/345, MC/347, MC/372, MC/869, MC/870, MC/1647, MC/1653, MC/1654. Madde 25 - Bir zarar kendi misliyle izâle olunamaz.MC. MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/31, MC/965, MC/1141, MC/1288, MC/1312.; TCK 49-50, 516/4; TBK 52

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D MKK/25-50 Madde 25 - Bir zarar kendi misliyle izâle olunamaz. MC. MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/31, MC/965, MC/1141, MC/1288, MC/1312.; TCK 49-50, 516/4; TBK 52 Madde 26 - Zarar-ı âmmı def için zarar-ı has ihtiyâr olunur. MC. MC/20, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/1325. Madde 27 - Zarar-ı eşedd zarar-ı ehaf ile izâle olunur. MC. MC/25, MC/26, MC/20, MC/902, MC/906, MC/1044, MC/1224, MC/1440.; TMK. 656, 661 vd. Madde 28 - iki fesâd te'âruz etdikde ehaffí irtikâb ile a'zamının çaresine bakılır. MC. MC/20, MC/25, MC/26, MC/27, MC/29, MC/902.; TMK. 656, 661 vd. Madde 29 - Ehven-i şerreyn ihtiyâr olunur. MC. MC/21, MC/22, MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/902.; TMK. 656, 661 vd. Madde 30 - Def'-i mefâsid celb-i menâfi'den evlâdır. Madde 31 -Zarar bi-kadari'l-imkân def olunur. MC. MC/28, MC/29, MC/30, MC/532, MC/533.; TMK. 656 ve 661. Bu maddede bahsedilen kıyas, İslâm Huküku'nun ana kaynaklarından birisidir. Bibliyografi Ali Haydar, Mecelle şerhi, 1/67, Ömer Nasuhi, Hukûk-l İslâmiye, 1/171, vd. Zeydan, age. sil. vd. Madde 32 - Hâcet umûmî olsun husûsî olsun zarûret menzilesine tenzîl olunur. Bey ' bili-vefânın tecvîzi bu kabîldendir ki Buhara ahâlîsinde borç tekessür etdikçe görülen ihtiyaç üzerine bu mu'âmele mer'iyyü'l-icrâ olmuştur. MC. MC/21, MC/118, MC/205, MC/213, MC/396, MC/420. Madde 33 - Iztırar gayrın hakkını ibtâl etmez. Binâen-alâ-zâlik bir adam aç kalıb da birinin ekmeğini yese ba'dehû kıymetini vermesi lazım gelir. MC. MC/400, MC/1007.; TCK: 49-50/4; TBK. 52 Madde 34 - Alması memnû' olan şeyin vermesi dahi memnû' olur. TCK 64 67 MC MC/35 tbk 50 Madde 35 - İşlenmesi memnû' olan şeyin istenmesi dahi memnû' olur. TCK 64-67.; TBK 50.; MC. MC/34, MC/1818. Madde 36 - Âdet muhakkemdir. Yani hükm-i şer'iyi isbât için örf ve âdet hakem kılınır. Gerek âmm olsun ve gerek hâs olsun. MC. MC/37, MC/38, MC/39, MC/40, MC/41, MC/42, MC/43, MC/44, 45, MC/230, MC/251, MC/291, MC/450, MC/460, MC/469, MC/574, MC/575, MC/576, MC/1340, MC/1790, MC/188, MC/354, MC/495, MC/555, MC/622, MC/829.; TMK. 1/1, 590/11, 592/281, 285, 420, 423. Madde 37 - Nâsın isti'mâli bir hüccetdir ki anınla amel vâcib olur. I'MK ı; MC. MC/36, MC/168, MC/389, MC/495. Madde 38 - Âdeten mümteni' olan şey hakîkaten mümteni' gibidir. MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/39, MC/40, MC/1589, MC/1629. Madde 39 - Ezmanın tegayyürü ile ahkâm'ın tagayyürü inkâr olunamaz. MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/40, MC/244, MC/326, MC/596, MC/1716. Madde 40 - Âdetin delâletiyle ma'ânîy-ı hakîkî terk olunur. MC. MC/12, MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/39, MC/61, MC/82, MC/912, MC/1584.; TMK ı, 2.; TBK. 18 Madde 41- Âdet ancak muttarid yâhut galip oldukda mu'teber olur. MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/39, MC/40, MC/42, MC/240.; TMK ı Madde 42 - İ'tibâr galib-i şâyi'adır, nâdire değildir. MC. MC/41, MC/987.; TMK ı; HUMK 238 Madde 43 - Örfe ma'rûf olan şey şart kılınmış gibidir. TMK 1; TTK ı; MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/41, MC/42, MC/461, MC/563, MC/596, MC/871 Madde 44 - Beyne't-tüccâr ma'rûf olan şey beynlerinde meşrût gibidir. MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/790, MC/1463.; TMK 1/1, 2; TBK 18 Madde 45 - Örf ile ta'yîn nass ile ta'yîn gibidir, MC. MC/43, MC/44, MC/527, MC/528, MC/816, MC/1498, MC/1499.; TMK ı Madde 46 - Mâni' ve muktazi teâruz etdikde mâni' takdîm olunur. Binâen-alâ-zâlik bir adam borçlusu yedinde merhûn olan malını âhara satamaz. MC. MC/337, MC/350, MC/397, MC/96-MC/1192, MC/590-MC/1725, MC/756-MC/1192-MC/747, MC/1192-MC/1197, MC/1598-MC/1601. Madde 47 - Vücudda bir şeye tâbi' olan hükümde dahi ana tâbi' olur. tılmış olur. MC. MC/48, MC/50, MC/236, MC/903.; TMK. 619-622 Madde 48 - Tâbi' olan şeye ayrıca hüküm verilmez. Meselâ bir hayvanın karnındaki yavrusu ayrıca satılamaz. MC. MC/47, MC/216, MC/224, MC/856.; TMK. 619-622 Madde 49 - Bir şeye mâlik olan kimse ol şeyin zarûriyyâtmdan olan şeye dahi mâlik olur. Meselâ, bir hâneyi satın alan kimse ana mûsil olan tarîka dahi mâlik olur. MC. MC/232, MC/1194 Madde 50 - Asıl sâkıt oldukda fer' dahi sâkıt olur. MC. MC/81, MC/661, MC/662, MC/1527, MC/1530

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D MKK; MKK3 MKK/51-75

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D. MKK/75-100. MKK/4

Adobe Post 20190711 080718

Majalla/English

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D Şablon:Majalla bakınız .Portal:Mecelle. Majalla. Mecelle/English [5]
AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH (The Ottoman Courts Manual (Hanafi)) The Journal of The Verdicts of The Justice Mecelle/Dictionary ENG word .Mecelle/İngilizce/Düz metin Majalla 1. Sale (BUYU' 101-403 ). 2.Majalla/Book II BOOK II:Hire 404-611 . BOOK III: GUARANTEE

INTRODUCTION Definition and Classification of Turkic Jurisprudence MAXIMS OF TURKIC JURISPRUDENCE BOOK I BOOK II BOOK III BOOK IV BOOK V BOOK VI BOOK VII BOOK VIII BOOK IX BOOK X BOOK XI BOOK XII BOOK XIII BOOK XIV BOOK XV BOOK XVI
Mecelle/Fransızca Mecelle/Arabî Mecelle/Osmani Anadoluda hukuk bilinci

Azerbaycan Cumhuriyetinin Mülk Mecellesi
C1ff688de36687d49d19f70c55f8c691
Motivasyon_Etkinliği_-_Yazar_Hayati_İnanç_ile_"Mecelle_ve_Ahmet_Cevdet_Paşa"

Motivasyon Etkinliği - Yazar Hayati İnanç ile "Mecelle ve Ahmet Cevdet Paşa"

AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH

(The Ottoman Courts Manual)


BOOK XI. AGENCY.

INTRODUCTION.

TERMS OF THE TURKISH JURISPRUDENCE.

● 1449. Agency consists of one person empowering some other person to perform some act for him, whereby the latter stands in the stead of the former in regard to such act. The first person is called the principal, the person who stands in his stead is called the agent, and the act is called the authorised act.

● 1450. Messengership consists of the transmission of information by one person to some other person by means of some third person who is not privy to the matter in question. The person transmitting the information is called the messenger. The person who sends the message is called the person transmitting information. The person to whom the information is transmitted is called the recipient of the information.

CHAPTER I. FUNDAMENTAL BASIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF AGENCY.

● 1451. The basis of appointment of a person as agent is offer and acceptance. Thus, if the principal informs the agent that he has appointed him agent for a certain matter and the latter states that he has accepted, or uses some other expression importing acceptance, a contact of agency is concluded. Similarly, if the agent remains silent, but attempts to act in the matter referred to by the principal, he is considered to have accepted the agency by implication and his acts are valid. But if the agent refuses after the offer is made, the offer is of no effect. Consequently, if the principal informs a person that he has appointed him agent for a certain matter, and such person declines, but later begins to deal with the matter, all his acts in that respect are invalid.

● 1452. Permission and ratification amount to an authority to act as agent.

● 1453. Subsequent ratification has the same effect as a previous authorisation to act as agent.

Example:- A, without authority, sells property belonging to B,and informs B thereof. B ratifies the sale, and A is considered to have performed the act as though he had previously been appointed agent by B.

● 1454. Messengership is not of the same nature as agency.

Examples:-

(1). A sends his servant to fetch him money which his banker is going to lend him. The servant is A's messenger, not his agent to borrow money.

(2). A sends B to a horse-dealer to buy a horse. B tells the horsedealer that A wishes to buy a certain horse from him. The horsedealer informs B that he has sold A the horse for so much money and asks B to inform A of this fact, and to deliver the horse to him. B does as requested and hands the horse over to A. A accepts forthwith. A sale has been concluded between A and the horsedealer. B has merely been a messenger and intermediary between the two, and not an agent.

(3). A asks the butcher to give his servant who does the marketing so many okes of meat every day. The butcher does so. The servant is his master's messenger and not his agent.

● 1455. An order is sometimes is the nature of agency and sometimes in the nature of messengership.

Example:- A servant acting on orders from his master, buys property from a merchant. The servant is his master's agent for purchase. But if the master does business with a merchant, and sends his servant to fetch and bring the property purchased, the servant in his master's messenger and not his agent.

● 1456. The basis of an authority to act as agent is sometimes absolute. That is to say, it is not dependent upon a condition, or made with reference to any particular time or subject to any limitations.

The basis of an authority to act as agent is sometimes conditional.

Example:- A informs B that he has made him his agent to sell his horse in the event of a certain merchant coming to his place, B agrees. The authority to act as agent is concluded subject to the merchant coming to such place. If he comes, the agent can sell the horse, but not otherwise. The basis of an authority to act as agent is sometimes subject to certain time.

Example :- A informs B that he has made him his agent to sell his animals in the month of April and B accepts. B can sell the animals as agent when the month of April comes or thereafter, but not before.

The basis of an authority to act as agent is sometimes subject to a limitation. Example:- A informs B that he has appointed him his agent to sell his watch for a thousand piastres. B's authority to act as agent is subject to the limitation that he may not sell for less than a thousand piastres.

CHAPTER II. CONDITIONS ATTACHING TO AGENCY

● 1457. The principal must be able to perform the act which is the subject matter of the agency. Consequently, any authority to act as agent conferred by a minor of imperfect understanding, or a lunatic, is invalid. A minor of perfect understanding may not confer any power to act as agent upon any other person in such matters as bestowal of property by way of gift, or giving alms, which can only be to the disadvantage of the minor, even though his tutor authorises him to do so. A minor may, however, authorise some other person to act as agent for him for the purpose of accepting such things as gifts or alms, which can only be for his advantage even without the permission of his tutor. As regards dispositions of property which may either be to his advantage or disadvantage such as sale and purchase, the minor may authorise some other person to act as agent, if he has been authorised to engage in trade. If not, the authorisation to act as agent in dependent upon ratification by the tutor.

● 1458. The agent must be of sound mind and perfect understanding. He need not have arrived at the age of puberty. Consequently, a minor of perfect understanding, may become an agent. The rights under the contract, however, do not effect him, but his principal.

● 1459.Any person may appoint any other person his agent to perform any act which he can himself perform, or to fulfil any obligation, or to acquire any right, in respect to any transaction to which he himself is liable or entitled.

Example:- A may validly appoint B his agent for buying and selling, giving and taking on hire, giving and taking on pledge, giving and receiving for safe keeping, bestowing and receiving by way of gift, settlement, discharge, admission, instituting an action at law, claiming a right of preemption, partition, paying and receiving payment of debts and taking delivery of property. The subject matter of the agency, however, must be known.

CHAPTER III. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF AGENCY.

SECTION I. GENERAL.

● 1560. A contract concluded by an agent must be made by reference to his principal in the case of gift, loan for use, pledge, deposit for safe keeping, lending money, partnership, partnership of capital and labour, and settlement by way of denial. If the matter is not so referred to the principal, it is invalid.

● 1461. A contract concluded by an agent need not be made by reference to his principal in the case of sale and purchase, hire, and settlement by way of admission. Such contract is valid if merely concluded by the agent alone, ownership passes to the principal alone. Should the contract be made without reference to the principal, however, the rights under the contract belong to the contracting party, that is to say, the agent. if the contract is made with reference to the principal, the rights under the contract belong to the principal. In that case, the position of the agent is similar to that of a messenger.

Examples:-

(1). An agent for sale concludes the contract without reference to his principal, but merely with reference to himself, and, upon selling the property of his principal, must deliver the property sold to the purchaser. He may claim and receive the price from the purchaser. Should any person appear who is entitled to the property purchased, obtain judgement therefor, and seize the same, the purchaser may have recourse against the agent for sale, that is to say, may claim the price which he has given to him.

(2). An agent for purchase concludes a contract in this way without reference to his principal. He may take delivery of the property purchased, and, even though he has not received the price of the property purchased from his principal, he is obliged to pay it to the vendor from his own property. Should some defect of long standing appear in the property purchased the agent has the right of bringing an action to secure its return.

(3). An agent concludes a contract with reference to his principal, as where he states that he has sold or thought an agent for A. In this case, the contractual rights referred to above belong to the principal, the position of the agent being similar to that of a messenger.

● 1462. In the case of messengership, the rights under the contract belong to the person sending the messenger. The messenger is in no way concerned therewith.

● 1463. Property in the possession of an agent which he has received in his capacity as agent for sale, or purchase, or paying or receiving payment of debt, or receiving any specific property, is considered to be property deposited with him for safe keeping. If it is destroyed without fault or negligence, the loss need not be made good. Property in the possession of a messenger in virtue of his duties as messenger is also considered to be property deposited for safe keeping.

● 1464. If a debtor sends the sum of money he is owing to his creditor and it is destroyed while in the possession of the messenger before being received by the creditor, the debtor must bear the loss if the messenger is his. If the messenger is the creditor's, however, it is the creditor's property which is destroyed and the debtor is free from the debt.

● 1465. If any person appoints two persons simultaneously to be his agent, one of them alone may act as agent. One of them, however, may act alone in actions at law, or for the return of things deposited for safe keeping, or for paying a debt. But if one person has been appointed agent for any particular matter and the other has also been directly appointed agent for the same matter, either of them may act as agent.

● 1466. A person who has been appointed agent for any particular matter may not appoint any other person as agent. Nevertheless, if his principal has authorised him to do so, or to act as he thinks fit, the agent can appoint some other person as agent. The person whom the agent authorises to act as agent in this way becomes the agent of the principal, and not the agent of the agent. Thus, if the first agent is removed or dies, the second agent remains as agent.

● 1467. If upon the appointment of the agent, it has been agreed that a salary shall be paid to him, the agent is entitled to such salary upon fulfilling the terms of the agency. if no stipulation has been made for payment, and the agent is not one of those persons who work for a wage, his services are free, and he cannot demand payment.

SECTION II. AGENCY FOR PURCHASE.

● 1468. In accordance with the terms of the last paragraph of Article 1459, the subject matter of the agency must be sufficiently well known to enable it to be carried out. Thus, the principal must state the nature of the thing to be purchased. If there are various sorts of things of that nature, it is not enough merely to state the nature of such thing, but the particular sort or price of such thing must be mentioned. If the nature of the thing to be bought is not stated, or if it is stated, and there are various sorts of that nature and the particular sort or the price thereof is not mentioned, the agency is invalid, unless the authority to act as agent is of a general nature.

Example:- A appoints B his agent to purchase a horse. The appointment is valid. A appoints B his agent to purchase cloth for making into clothes. A must state the nature thereof, that is to say, whether he wants striped cloth or cloth of any other nature. He must also state the sort of cloth he wants, such as Damascus or Indian cloth, or state the price thereof, such as so many piastres for the roll. If the nature is not stated, as where the principal merely asks for the purchase of a piece of cloth, or where, for example, he asks for the purchase of striped cloth without stating the sort or price thereof, the appointment as agent is invalid. But if the principal instructs the agent to buy a roll of cloth to be made into clothes or some striped cloth of whatever nature or sort the agent may think fit, the agency is general and the agent may purchase whatever nature or sort he chooses.

● 1469. The nature of a thing is changed with any change in the substance of such thing, or the object for which it was intended, or the manufacture thereof.

Example:- Cotton cloth and linen cloth are of different nature, since the substance from which they are made is different. The wool and skin of a sheep are of a different nature since the object for which they are used is different, the skin being used to make bags, and the wool to make thread to weave carpets, two totally different things. Sharkot felt differs from shak felt, although both are made from wool, since there is a difference in their manufacture.

● 1470. If the agent acts in contravention of his instructions as to the nature of the thing to be purchased, that is to say, if the principal tells the agent to purchase something of a certain nature, and he buys the property of of some other nature, the principal is not bound thereby, however much more advantageous the thing may be which the agent has bought. That is to say, the agent is considered to have bought the property for himself and not for his principal.

● 1471. If the principal instructs the agent to purchase a ram, and he buys a sheep, the principal is not bound thereby, and the sheep belongs to the agent.

● 1472. If the principal instructs the agent to purchase a certain piece of land, and buildings are erected on such land, the agent cannot thereafter purchase such land on behalf of his principal. But if he instructs him to purchase a certain house, and such house is plastered, or another wall is added thereto, the agent may purchase such house of behalf of his principal.

● 1473. If the principal instructs the agent to purchase milk, without indicating what milk, the principal shall be understood to mean the milk which it is the custom to use in the district.

● 1474. If the principal instructs the agent to buy rice, the agent may purchase any sort of rice sold in the market.

● 1475. If any person intends to appoint some other person as agent to buy a house, he must state the district in which it is situated and the price thereof. If he does not do so, the agency is invalid.

● 1476. If any person intends to appoint some other person his agent to purchase a pearl or a red ruby, he must state the price he is prepared to pay. If he fails to do so, the agency is invalid.

● 1477. In the case of things estimated by quantity, the quantity or price of the subject matter of the agency must be stated.

Example:- A appoints B his agent to buy corn. A must state the number of Kiles, or the price thereof, by stating the amount of money to be expended on the corn. If he fails to do so, the agency is invalid.

● 1478. The subject matter of the agency need not be described.

Example:- It need not be stated whether of the best quality or of medium quality, or of the lowest quality.

The description of the subject matter of the agency must, however, correspond to the position of the principal.

Example:- A, who lets horses on hire, appoints B his agent to buy a horse. The agent may not purchase an Arab horse at twenty thousands piastres. If he does so, the principal is not bound thereby. That is to say, the horse is not bought for the principal, but becomes the property of the agent only.

● 1479. If the appointment as agent is made subject to a limitation, no act may be performed by the agent in contravention thereof. If he does so, the principal is not bound, and any property purchased belongs to the agent. But if the agent acts in contravention of his appointment in a way more advantageous to the principal, such act is not considered to amount to contravention.

Examples:-

(1). A instructs his agent, B, to buy a certain house for ten thousand piastres. If B exceeds this price, A is not bound and the house becomes B's property. If B buys it for less than ten thousand piastres, it is considered to be bought for the principal.

(2). A instructs B, his agent, to buy on credit. B buys and pays cash. The property belongs to the agent. But if A instructs B to buy for ready money and the agent buys on credit, the property is considered to be bought for the principal.

● 1480. If a person buys half the thing he is appointed agent to purchase, such purchase is not binding upon the principal if such thing will be injured by being divided. If not, he is bound thereby.

Example:- A instructs B, his agent, to buy a roll of cloth. B buys half a roll. A is not bound thereby, and the cloth becomes the property of the agent. But if A tells B to buy six Kiles of corn, and B buys three kiles, the corn is presumed to have been bought for the principal.

● 1481. If the principal instructs his agent to buy him cloth to make a cloak, there is not sufficient cloth in that purchased by the agent to make the cloak, the principal is not bound thereby and the cloth belongs to the agent.

● 1482. If the price of a thing is not mentioned, the person who is appointed agent to purchase may buy such thing for the estimated value thereof, or at a price subject to minor misrepresentation. Things the price and value of which are fixed, however, such as meat and bread, may not be bought at even subject to minor misrepresentation. If the agent buys such things as a result of flagrant misrepresentation, however, the principal is in no case bound by the purchase, and the property belongs to the agent.

● 1483.Purchase outright is understood to be purchase for cash. Thus, if a person who has been appointed agent for the purchase of anything purchases such thing by exchanging other property therefor, the principal is not bound thereby, and such thing belongs to the agent.

● 1484. If a person appoints some other person his agent to purchase something which is necessary for some particular season it is considered to relate to that season.

Example:- A appoints B his agent to purchase a cloak made of goat hair in the spring season. B is considered to be appointed agent to purchase such a cloak for use in the summer season. If he buys after the season has passed or buys in the spring of next year, the principal is not bound by such purchase, and the cloak becomes the property of the agent.

1485. A person who is appointed agent to buy some specified thing cannot purchase such thing for himself. If when buying such thing he states that he has purchased it for himself, it nevertheless becomes the property of the principal. Nevertheless, if he buys such thing for a higher price than that fixed by the principal, or, if no price has been fixed and he buys as a result of flagrant misrepresentation, the property in that case belongs to the agent. Again, if the principal is present and the agent states that he has bought such thing for himself,the property belongs to the agent.

● 1486. If a person appoints some other person his agent to buy a horse,the horse becomes the property of his principal if at the time he made the purchase he stated that he has bought on behalf of his principal. If he states that he has bought for himself, the horse becomes his property. If he merely states that he has purchased the horse without stating, and later states that he has purchased on behalf of his principal, such statement is effective if made before the horse is destroyed or some defect appears. But if makes such statement after the horse is destroyed or after some defect appears, such statement is of no effect.

● 1487. If two persons separately appoint a person as agent to purchase a certain thing, the property belongs to the person whom the agent intended to effect the purchase.

● 1488. If an agent for purchase sells his own property to his principal such sale is invalid.

● 1489. If the agent becomes aware of a defect in the property purchased before delivering it to his principal, he may himself reject it. He may not reject it after delivery, however, without an order and authority from his principal to do so.

● 1490. If the agent buys property to be paid for at some future date, the same condition as to payment affects the principal, and the agent may not ask the principal to make payment forthwith. If the agent, however, purchases by an immediate cash payment, and the vendor thereafter adjourns the date for payment, the agent can demand payment forthwith from the principal.

● 1491. If an agent for purchase pays the price from his own property and takes delivery of property purchased, he can exercise a right of recourse against his principal, that is to say, he can recover from him the price which he has paid. If he has not already paid the price which he has paid. If he has not already paid the price of the property purchased to the vendor, he may claim the price from his principal, and may exercise a right of retention over the property until such time as the principal has paid.

● 1492. If the property purchased by an agent for purchase is accidentally destroyed or lost while in the possession of the agent, the loss must be borne by the principal, and no reduction is made in the price if the agent has exercised a right of retention over such property in order to obtain payment of the price, however, and such property is destroyed or lost, the price must be paid by the agent.

● 1493. An agent for purchase may not rescind a contract of sale without the permission of his principal.

SECTION III. AGENCY FOR SALE.

● 1494. An agent who has been granted an absolute power to conclude contracts of sale may sell his principal's property at any price he thinks fit, whether great or small.

● 1495. If the principal has fixed the price, that is to say, if he has instructed the agent to sell for so much, the agent may not sell for less than such price. If he does so, the sale is concluded subject to ratification by the principal. If the agent sells it on his own initiative for a price lower than that mentioned, and delivers the property to the purchaser, the principal may call upon him to make good the loss.

● 1496. If an agent for sale purchases his principal,s property for himself, such purchase is invalid.

● 1497. An agent for sale may not sell the property of his principal to persons whose evidence given on his behalf is invalid. If he sells for than the value of the property, however, the sale is valid. If the agent is appointed in virtue of a general power, the principal instructing him to sell to whomsoever he may think fit, the agent may validly sell to such persons for an estimated price.

● 1498. If an agent has been granted an absolute power of sale, he may sell his principal's property for cash or on credit for a period recognised by merchants in respect to such property. He may not, however, sell on credit for a longer period than that recognised by custom. If the agent has been appointed, either expressly or by implication, to sell for cash, he may not sell on credit.

Example :- A principal instructs his agent to sell certain property for cash or to sell certain property for cash or to sell certain property and pay a debt of his with the proceeds. The agent may not sell on credit.

● 1499. If injury is caused by the separation of a thing, the agent cannot sell half thereof.

● 1500. An agent may take a pledge or a surety in respect to the price of property which he has sold on credit. If the pledge is destroyed or the surety becomes bankrupt, the agent is not liable to make good the loss.

● 1501. If a principal instructs his agent to take a pledge or a surety in respect to property sold, the agent may not sell such property without taking a pledge or a surety.

● 1502. If an agent for sale fails to obtain the price of the property sold from the purchaser, he cannot be forced to pay the price thereof to his principal out of his own property.

● 1503. The price of the thing sold may validly be received both by the agent and the principal.

● 1504. If the agent is working without remuneration, he is not obliged to obtain payment of the price of the property sold. If he does not do so of his own accord, however, he must appoint his principal to be his agent to obtain payment of the price. But persons such as brokers and auctioneers who are appointed as agents for sale subject to remuneration, are obliged to obtain payment of the price of the thing sold.

● 1505. An agent for sale may rescind the sale on his own initiative. The rescission, however, is not executory as regards the principal, and the agent must pay the price thereof to the principal.

SECTION IV. INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN BY ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER.

1506. If one person gives an instruction to another person to pay a sum of money owing by him to some third person, or to the State, and such person pays such sum of money from his own property, he may thereafter exercise a right of recourse against the person who gave the instruction, whether such right of recourse has been agreed upon or not. That is to say, whether he uses expressions which imply a right of recourse, as where he instructs a person to pay a sum of money owing by him and thereafter to recover such sum from him, or where he instructs him to pay and recover from him later, or whether he merely instructs him to pay a sum of money owing by him

● 1507. If one person instructs another to pay a sum of money owing by him from his own property in base coin and he pays in sound coin, base coin only can be recovered from the person who gave the instruction. If such person is instructed to pay in sound coin, but pays the debt in base coin, he can recover base coin only. If a person who has been instructed by some other person to pay a sum of money owing by him, sells his own property to the creditor and pays such person's debt therefrom, the person who pays the debt may recover the amount thereof from the person who gave the instruction, whatever that amount may be . If he sells his own property to the creditor for an amount greater than the value thereof the person who gave the instruction for the debt to be paid cannot deduct the balance from the debt.

● 1508. If any person instruct any other person to incur expenditure for himself or his relations and family, such person may recover a reasonable amount of expenses from the person who gave the instruction whether the latter has expressly authorised him to do so or not. Again, one person instructs another to have his house repaired and the latter does so. He may recover a reasonable sum from such person, even though no agreement has been made to that effect.

● 1509. If any person instructs any other person to make a loan of money, or to give him alms, stating that he will repay him later, and such person does so, He may recover such money from the person who gave the instruction. If the person giving the instruction, however, makes no stipulation as to recourse as by stating that he will give him money, or that the person paying the money may later recover it from him, but merely gives an instruction to pay, such person has no right of recourse. Nevertheless, if it is customary in such matters to have recourse against the person giving the instruction, as where the person to whom the instruction is given is a member of the family of the person giving the instruction, or is his partner, such person may exercise a right of recourse, even though no stipulation has been made therefor. ( See Article 36).

● 1510. Any instruction given by any particular person is only effective in regard to that person's property.

Example:- A instructs B to throw certain property into the sea. B does so knowing that the property in question belongs to some one else. The owner of the property can call upon B to make good the loss. The person who gave the instruction is not liable, unless he used compulsion.

● 1511. If any person instruct any other person to pay a debt owing to him, and amounting to a certain sum, from his own property and such person promises to do so, but fails to pay the sum in question, such person cannot be made to pay the debt by reason merely of having promised to do so.

● 1512. If the person to whom an instruction to pay a debt is given owes money to the person giving the instruction, or has money belonging to the latter deposited with him for safe keeping, such person is bound to pay the debt. But if the person giving the instruction orders certain of his property to be sold and the debt to be paid therefrom, the person to whom the instruction is given is not obliged to pay such debt even though he is unsalaried agent. If he is salaried agent, however, he is obliged to sell such property and pay the debt of the person who gave the instruction from the proceeds.

● 1513. If any person gives a sum of money to some other person instructing him to pay it to a creditor of his, the other creditors of the person giving the instruction have no right to claim a share therein and the person to whom the instruction has been given may only pay the money to the creditor mentioned in the instruction.

● 1514. If any person gives any other person a sum from which to pay a debt owing to some third person, and it is known that the person to whom the money belongs has died before such money has been made over to the creditor, the money is question must be paid to the estate of the person to whom the money belonged, and the creditor must have recourse against the estate.

● 1515. If any person gives a sum of money to pay to his creditor with instructions that the sum in question shall not be handed over unless an acknowledgement is endorsed on the bill or a receipt given therefor, and such person hands over the money without obtaining any acknowledgement or receipt, and the creditor later denies having received the money, and the debtor, being unable to prove payment, is obliged to pay the debt a second time, the latter may call upon the person to whom he gave the money to make good the loss.

SECTION V. AGENCY FOR LITIGATION.

● 1516. Both plaintiff and defendant may authorise any person they may wish to act as their agent for litigation. Neither party need obtain the consent of the other.

● 1517. Any admission made against his client by the person authorised to act as his agent for litigation is valid if made in Court. If made out of Court,it is invalid and the agent may be dismissed. ● 1518. Any person who appoints another his agent for litigation may validly forbid him to make any admission against him, in which case an admission made by the agent against his client is invalid. ( See last paragraph of Article 1456). Again, if the agent makes an admission in Court, and is not authorised to do so, he shall be dismissed.

● 1519. An agency for litigation does not include an agency to take delivery. Consequently, if an advocate is not an agent to take delivery, he cannot act as agent to take delivery of the subject matter of the judgement.

● 1520. An agency to receive does not include an agency for litigation.

SECTION VI. DISMISSAL OF AGENTS.

● 1521. The principal may dismiss his agent from his agency. He may not do so, however, if the rights of third parties are affected. Thus, a person owing a sum of money gives his property as a pledge for the debt. At the time the contract of pledge was concluded, or at some later date, he appoints a person as his agent to sell the pledge when the debt falls due. The principal may not dismiss the agent without the consent of the pledgee. Similarly, at the request of the plaintiff, a defendant appoints a person his agent for litigation. He cannot dismiss him in the absence of the plaintiff.

● 1522. The agent himself may relinquish the agency, but, as stated above, he may not do so if the rights of third persons are affected, but must perform his duties.

● 1523. Upon a principal dismissing an agent from his agency, the dismissal does not becomes effective until information thereof has been given to the agent, and any disposition of property made by him up to that time is valid.

● 1524.Upon the agent giving up the agency, he must inform his principal thereof, and the agent is responsible for performing his duties as agent until the principal has been so informed. ● 1525. The principal may dismiss a person appointed as agent to receive a debt during the absence of the debtor. If the principal appointed him as agent in the presence of the debtor. Thus, if the debtor pays the debt to him while unaware of his dismissal, he is free from liability for the debt.

● 1526. The agency terminates upon the completion of the duties for which the agent was appointed, and, naturally, is discharged therefrom.

● 1527. The agent is discharged upon the death of the principal. He is not discharged, however, if the rights of any third party are affected thereby. ( See Article 760.)

● 1528. Upon the death of the principal, any agent appointed by the agent is discharged from the agency. (See Article 1466.)

● 1529. Agency is not transmissible by way of inheritance. That is to say, if the agent dies, the validity of the agency expires and consequently the heir of the agent does not stand in his stead.

● 1530. If the principal or the agent are afflicted with madness, the agency is null and void. Promulgated by Royal Iradah, 20th Jumudi-ul-Ula, 1291.



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ENGLISH: AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH
(The Journal of The Verdicts of The Justice or The Ottoman Courts Manual)
Tam metin :Mecelle/İngilizce/Düz metin - Mecelle/English ENG word. (Majalla : INTRODUCTION .Part I: Article 1 :Majalla/Definition and Classification of Turkic Jurisprudence - Article 2: Majalla/ PART IIMajalla/MAXIMS OF TURKIC JURISPRUDENCE. (2-99 articles) +1.Book I: SALE (BUYU': 101-403 )+ 2.Book II:RENT (İCÂRAT: 404 -611 ) + 3.Book III:((612-672))Guarantee + 4.BookIV :Transfer of Debt: (673-700) + 5. Book V :Pledges (701-761)+ 6. Book VI Trust and trusteeship (762-832)+ 7.Book VII: Gift (833-880)+ 8. Book VIII: Wrongful Appropriation and Destructions WRONGFUL APPROPRIATION AND DESTRUCTION(881-940)+ 9.BookIX:Interdiction, Constraint and Pre-emption: (941-1044) + 10.Book 10: Joint Ownership (1045-1148)+ 11. Book 11: Agency (1449-1530) + 12. Book 12: Settlement and Release (1531-1571) + 13.Book 13: Admissions (1572-1612)+ 14.Book 14: Actions (1613-1675) + 15. Book 15: Evidence and Administration of an Oath (1676-1783)+ 16. Book 16: Administration of Justice by the Courts (1784-1851)
Mecelle/Dictionary . Mecelle/Fransızca - Mecelle/Arabî . Mecelle/Osmani ❍ (Majalla : Introduction .INTRODUCTION .Part I: Article 1 :PART II :Majalla/Definition and Classification of Turkic Jurisprudence . Majalla/ PART II:Majalla/MAXIMS OF TURKIC JURISPRUDENCE. (2-99 articles)
Book IMajalla/Book I: : BUYU' (SALE) ● Book 1: Sale. 1.Kitap: Kitab'ul Büyû' Bir mukaddime ve 7 bab (101-403)
Book IIMajalla/Book II: RENT(İCARAT)● Book 2: Hire : 2.Kitap: Kitab'ul İcârât Bir mukaddime 8 Bab (403-611)
Book IIIMajalla/Book III: ● Book 3: Guarantee : 3.Kitap: Kitab'ul Kefâlet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (612-672)
Book IVMajalla/Book VI:● Book 4: Transfer of Debt :4.Kitap: Kitab'ul Havâle Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (673-700)
Book VMajalla/Book V● Book 5: Pledges :5.Kitap: Kitab'ul Rehn Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (701-761)
Book VIMajalla/Book VI● Book 6: Trust and trusteeship : 6.Kitap: Kitab'ul Emanet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (762-832)
Book VIIMajalla/Book VII ● Book 7: Gift .7.Kitap: Kitab'ul Hibe Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (833-880)
Book VIIIMajalla/Book VIII● Book 8: Wrongful Appropriation and Destructions WRONGFUL APPROPRIATION AND DESTRUCTION8.Kitap: Kitab'ul Gasb ve-l İtlaf Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (881-940)
Book IXMajalla/Book IX: Interdiction, Constraint and Pre-emption ●Book 9: Interdiction, Constraint and Pre-emption . 9.Kitap: Kitab'ul Hacr ve-l İkrah Veş-Şuf'a Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (941-104
Book XMajalla/Book X● Book 10: Joint Ownership 10.Kitap: -Kitab'ul Şirket Bir Mukaddime 8 Bab (1045-1148)
Book XIMajalla/Book XI● Book 11: Agency . 11.Kitap: Kitab'ul Vekalet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (1449-1530)
Book XIIMajalla/Book XII● Book 12: Settlement and Release :12.Kitap: Kitab'ul Sulh ve-l İbra Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1531-1571)
Book XIIIMajalla/Book XIII● Book 13: Admissions :13.Kitap: Kitab'ul İkrarBir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1572-1612)
Book XIVMajalla/Book XIV● Book 14: Actions :14.Kitap: Kitab'ul Da'vâ Bir Mukaddime 12 Bab (1613-1675)
Book XVMajalla/Book XV ● Book 15: Evidence and Administration of an Oath. 15.Kitap: Kitab'ul Beyyinat ve't-Tahlif Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1676-1783)
Book XVIMajalla/Book XVI ● Book 16: Administration of Justice by the Courts 16.Kitap: Kitab'ul Kazâ Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1784-1851)
KaynaklarMajalla English Word text

Dosya:ENG Ottoman Majalle (Civil Law).pdf

The Journal of The Verdicts of The Justice
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Portal:Mecelle: Mecelle• مجلة• المجلة Son:Eyüp Sabri Kartal çalışmaları:ESK/Mecelle . Mecelle/İngilizce/Düz metin. KBVT . Mecelle/Türki Arabi Terim ve Lügat izahlı, Mecelle/Tr- Eng - Arb- Fransızca - Osmanî - Mecelle/Vecizeler . Fihrist-i Mecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliye . MC/1. MC/2• MC/90
Mecelle/Arabî. Mecelle/Osmani .Mecelle/Fransızca Dosya:Mecelle Fransızca legislation ottomon ikogoog.pdf.
1.KitapMecelle/Mukaddime: 1- Fıkhın tarifi(1) ve 2 -Kavaid -i Külliye (1-100) - Kitab'ul Büyû' Bir mukaddime ve 7 bab (101-403)
2.KitapKitab'ul İcârât Bir mukaddime 8 Bab (403-611)
  • 3.Kitap: Kitab'ul Kefâlet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (612-672)
  • 4.Kitap: Kitab'ul Havâle Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (673-700)
  • 5.Kitap: Kitab'ul Rehn Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (701-761)
  • 6.Kitap: Kitab'ul Emanet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (762-832)
  • 7.Kitap: Kitab'ul Hibe Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (833-880)
  • 8.Kitap: Kitab'ul Gasb ve-l İtlaf Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (881-940)
  • 9.Kitap: Kitab'ul Hacr ve-l İkrah Veş-Şuf'a Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (941-1044)
  • 10.Kitap: Kitab'ul Şirket Bir Mukaddime 8 Bab (1045-1148)
  • 11.Kitap: Kitab'ul Vekalet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (1449-1530)
  • 12.Kitap: Kitab'ul Sulh ve-l İbra Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1531-1571)
  • 13.Kitap: Kitab'ul İkrar Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1572-1612)
  • 14.Kitap: Kitab'ul Da'vâ Bir Mukaddime 12 Bab (1613-1675)
  • 15.Kitap: Kitab'ul Beyyinat ve't-Tahlif Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1676-1783
  • 16.Kitap: Kitab'ul Kazâ Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1784-1851) (42)
    • ArapçaMecelle/Arapça luğatte .مجلة. Ve الجمع Cem'i : meccal( مجالّ) ve meccalat (مجلاَّت) *El-mecelle; Kitap المَجَلَّة : الكتاب

    المَجَلَّة : الصَّحيفةُ تَجْمَعُ طرائف المعرفة وتقال في عصرنا هذا لكل صحيفة عامّةٍ أَو متخصِّصة في فن من الفنون تظهر في أَوقات معينة ، بخلاف الصّحف اليوميَّة

    Cem'i والجمع : مجالُّ ، مَجَلاَّتٌ Akademik personel anlamında kullanılır
    KitabetiMecelle. مجله.Majalla . Megillah .
    TürevCelle• Celil• Celal • Tecelli• Mücella
    DiğerAzerbeycan Cumhuriyetinin Mülki Mecellesi
    VPMecelle/VP - Mecelle/WP[6] - Mecelle/WP Arabi
    AlakalıEster - Esther -Aşir - Aşur - Aysu - Esau - Isaiah Book of Esther [7] (Ester kitabı [8]) :Hz.Muhammed as hakkında haberler vardır. İbni Kesir Peygamber olduğunu söyler.
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    MECELLE:Mecelle/Esbâb-ı Mûcibe Mazbatası
    MECELLE ESBÂB-I MUCİBE MAZBATASI ASLI. Mecelle/Esbâb-ı Mûcibe Mazbatası/Sadelestirilmiş
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    MECELLE : MUKADDİME:INTRODUCTION -MAKALE-İ ÛLÂ .(1.KISIM) : İLM-i FIKHIN TARİF VE TAKSİMİ HAKKINDADIR .MAJALLA: PART I: Definition of Jurisprudence . MKK
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    MECELLE :MUKADDİME:MAKALE-İ SANİYE (Mecelle/2.KISIM) . MKK - HKK : Mecellenin Külli Kaideleri .Kavaid -i Külliye (KÜLLİ KAİDELER: MAXIMS OF JURISPRUDENCE: Principes fondamentaux du Droit Sacré :MC/1 . MC/2 . MC/10 . MC/15 . MC/90 Mecelle/Madde 90 . Mecelle/Kartelalar Mecelle/resimler https://www.picbear.org/tag/Mecelle

    Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça Osmanlıca Türkçe .MKK/Düz Metin

    . MKK/Düz Metin linkli
    Hukuki deyimler . Fıkhi deyimler . Beraat-ı zimmet - İstishab - Yakin delili - Mütevatir delili

    Malumu Âlinizdir ki füru', asla tâbidir. Asıl resmî olmazsa, füru' da resmî olmaz.

    Batıl makîsünaleyh olamaz. Kanun namına protesto ederim .Majalla/Inrtoduction Mecelle/Mukaddime
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    MKK: MKK1. MKK/1-30 MKK/1-25. MKK/Düz Metin linkli
    MC/1 . MC/2 . MC/3 . MC/4 . MC/5 . MC/6 . MC/7 . MC/8 . MC/9 . MC/10 . MC/11 . MC/12 . MC/13 . MC/14 . MC/15 . MC/16 . MC/17 . MC/18 . MC/19 . MC/20 . MC/21 . MC/22 . MC/23 . MC/24 . MC/25
    MC/1“#İlm-i fıkh, mesâil-i şer’iyye-i ameliyeyi bilmektir ”. علم الفقه معرفة المسائل الشرعية العملية . #The science of jurisprudence consists of a knowledge of the precepts of the Divine Legislator in their relation to human affairs . #علم فقه مسائل شرعيهء عملية يي بيلمكدر . Hukuk ilmi, mesail-i meşruiyye-i ameliyeyi bilmektir. ESK İlm-i Fıkh: Fıkıh ilmi .Mesail: Meseleler Mesâil-i şer’iyye-i ameliye: Amellerle ilgili hukuki meseleler . Mecelle/Madde 1 .
    MC/2“#Bir işten maksat ne ise hüküm ona göredir.”2. A matter is determined according to intention; that is to say, the effect to be given to any particular transaction must conform to the object of such transaction. 170, 769, 1240.; TMK. 1, 2, 3, 84, 114, 125.; TBK. 18, 20, , 41, 43, 48, 82, 83.; ZGB. 2., 3.; BGB. 157, 242, 932.; TCK. 45
    MC/3“#Ukudda itibar mekasıd ve meaniyedir; elfaz ve mebaniye değildir.3.”In contracts effect is given to intention and meaning and not to words and phrases. Madde 3 - Ukûdda itibar makâsıt ve maâniyedir, elfâz ve mebâniye değildir.

    MC. MC/262, MC/389, MC/648.; TMK. ı, 2, 3.; TBK ı, 18,25, 26, 154, 165, 178, 505.; MH. 314,

    Ukud: Akitler . Mekasıd: Maksatlar . Meani: Manalar .Elfaz: Lafızlar, kelimeler .Mebani: Beyanlar, açıklamalar
    MC/4#Şek ile yakin zail olmaz . el-yakînu lâ yezûlü bi'ş-şekk) .● 4. Certainty is not dispelled by doubt . Şek: Doubtdispelled:zail olmak . İstishab . Yakin :Certainty - Şek ile yakin zâil olmaz. MC. MC/5, MC/6, MC/7, MC/8, MC/9, MC/10, MC/11, MC/12.
    MC/5"#Bir şeyin bulunduğu hal üzere kalması asıldır.”● 5. It is a fundamental principle that a thing shall remain as it was originally. MC. MC/6, MC/10, MC/1685, MC/1776, MC/1777.; TMK 15
    MC/6#Kadim, kıdemi üzerine terk olunur.● 6. Things which have been in existence from time immemorial shall be left as they were. Madde 6 - Kâdim kıdemi üzere zikrolunur.MC. MC/9, MC/612.
    MC/7# Zarar kadim olmaz.● 7.Injury cannot exist from time immemorial .immemorial .Madde 7- Zarar kadim olmaz. MC. MC/6 , MC/166, MC/1166, MC/1224; MH. 48.; TBK. 125 - 140
    MC/8#Beraet-i zimmet asıldır.● 8. Freedom from liability is a fundamental principle. MC. MC/166, MC/1224, MC/1197.; MH. 48; TBK. 125 - 140. Madde 8 - Berâ'et-i zimmet asıldır.
    MC/9#Sıfat-ı arızada asl olan ademdir.● 9. Non-existence is a fundamental principle which applies to all rights which may subsequently accrue. accrue Madde 9 — Sıfât-ı ârizada asl olan ademdir. MC/8, MC/332
    MC/10#Bir zamanda sabit olan şeyin -hilafına delil olmadıkça- bekasıyla hükmolunur.● 10. Judgement shall be given in respect to any matter which has been proved at any particular time, unless the contrary is proved.Madde 10 — Bir zamanda sabit olan şey'in hilâfina delil olmadıkça bekâsıyla hükmolunur. MC MC/5, MC/1621, MC/1592
    MC/11● 11. It is a fundamental principle that any new occurrence shall be regarded as happening at the time nearest to the present.*Madde 11 - Bir emr-i hâdisin akreb-i evkâtına izâfeti asıldır.Yani hâdis olan bir işin sebep ve zaman-ı vukûunda ihtilâf olunsa zaman-1 ba'îde nisbeti ispat olunmadıkça hâle akreb olan zamana nisbet olunur.MC MC/10, MC/5, MC/8; HUMK 299.
    MC/12● 12. It is a fundamental principle that words shall be construed literally. Madde 12 - Kelâmda asl olan manây-ı hakîkîdir. MC. MC/13, MC/60, MC/61.; TMK ı, 2; TBK 18
    MC/13Madde 13 - Tasrih mukâbelesinde delâlete i'tibar yokdur. MC. MC/12, MC/772; TBK. ı. 2:, HUMK. 234, ● 13. No attention shall be paid to inferences in the face of obvious facts.
    MC/14Madde 14 - Mevrid-i nassda ictihâda mesâğ yoktur. MC/15, MC/16, MC/167.; TMK. ı, 2; TBK 18 ● 14. Where the text is clear, there is no room for interpretation.
    MC/15#Madde 15 - Alâ hilâfi'l-kıyâs sâbit olan şey sâire makîsün-aleyh olamaz.MC. MC/14, MC/16. MC/1659. ● 15. A matter which has been proved contrary to legal analogy cannot be cited by way of analogy in respect to any other matter.
    MC/16# Madde 16 - İctihâd ile ictihâd nakz olmaz.MC. MC/14, MC/15.; TMK. 1; TCK. 44 ● 16. One legal interpretation does not destroy another.
    MC/17Madde 17 - Meşakkat tesyîri celbeder. Yani su'ûbet sebeb-i tesyîr olur ve darlık vaktinde vüs'at gösterilmek lazım gelir. Karz ve havâle ve hacir gibi pekçok ahkâm-ı fikhiyye bu asla müteferri'dir ve fukahânın ahkâm-ı şer'iyyede gösterdikleri ruhas ve tahfifat hep bu kâideden istihrâc olunmuştur. MC. MC/18, MC/19, MC/20, MC/205, MC/223, MC/396, MC/799.; TMK. 2 ● 17. Difficulty begets facility; that is to say, difficulty is the cause of facility and in time of hardship consideration must be shown. Very many subjects of Islamic jurisprudence, such as loans, transfer of debts and interdiction are derived from this principle, and the latitude and indulgence shown by Islamic jurists in their rulings are all based upon this rule.
    MC/18Madde 18 - Bir iş zîk oldukda müttesi olur. Yani bir işde meşakkat görülünce ruhsat ve vüs'at gösterilir. MC. MC/17. ● 18. Latitude should be afforded in the case of difficulty, that is to say, upon the appearance of hardship in any particular matter, latitude and indulgence must be shown.
    MC/19# Madde 19 - Zarar ve mukâbele bi'z-zarâr yokdur.MC. MC/20, MC/25, MC/26, MC/27, 28, MC/29.; TMK. 41, 61, vd; ● 19. Injury may not be met by injury.
    MC/20#Madde 20 - Zarar izâle olunur.MC. MC/19, MC/21, MC/22, MC/25, MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/30, MC/32, MC/998, MC/1201.; TBK 41 vd. ● 20. Injury is removed
    MC/21# Madde 21 - Zarûretler memnû' olan şeyleri mübah kilâr. MC. MC/22, MC/96, MC/97, MC/1007.; TBK. 52; TCK 49-50, 516/4. ● 21. Necessity renders prohibited things permissible
    MC/22# Madde 22 - Zarûretler kendi mikdarlarınca takdir olunur ● 22. Necessity is estimated by the extent thereof..MC.MC/21, MC/23.; TBK. 52; TCK. 49-50, 516/4
    MC/23# Madde 23 - Bir özür için câiz olan şey ol özrün zevâliyle bâtıl olur. MC. MC/22, MC/517.● 23. A thing which is permissible by reason of the existence of some excuse thereof, ceases to be permissible with the disappearance of that excuse.
    MC/24# Madde 24 - Mâni' zâil oldukda memnû' avdet eder.MC. MC/19, MC/335, MC/345, MC/347, MC/372, MC/869, MC/870, MC/1647, MC/1653, MC/1654. ● 24. When a prohibition is removed, the thing to which such prohibition attaches reverts to its former status of legality.
    MC/25# Madde 25 - Bir zarar kendi misliyle izâle olunamaz.MC. MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/31, MC/965, MC/1141, MC/1288, MC/1312.; TCK 49-50, 516/4; TBK 52 ● 25. An injury cannot be removed by the commission of a similar injury.
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    MKK: MKK2 :MKK/25-50
    MC/25. MC/26 .MC/27. MC/28 .MC/29. MC/30 .MC/31. MC/32 .MC/33. MC/34 .MC/35. MC/36 .MC/37. MC/38 .MC/39. MC/40 .MC/41. MC/42 .MC/43. MC/44 .MC/45. MC/46 .MC/47. MC/48 .MC/49. MC/50
    MC/25Madde 25 Bir zarar kendi misliyle izâle olunamaz. MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/31, MC/965, MC/1141, MC/1288, MC/1312.; TCK 49-50, 516/4; TBK 52 ● Article 25. An injury cannot be removed by the commission of a similar injury.
    MC/26Madde 26 - Zarar-ı âmmı def için zarar-ı has ihtiyâr olunur. MC. MC/20, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/1325. ● Article 26. A private injury is tolerated in order to ward off a public injury. The prohibition from practice of an incompetent physician is derived from this principle.
    MC/27Madde 27 - Zarar-ı eşedd zarar-ı ehaf ile izâle olunur. MC. MC/25, MC/26, MC/20, MC/902, MC/906, MC/1044, MC/1224, MC/1440.; TMK. 656, 661 vd. ● Article 27. Severe injury is removed by lesser injury.
    MC/28Madde 28 - İki fesâd te'âruz etdikde ehaffí irtikâb ile a'zamının çaresine bakılır. MC/20, MC/25, MC/26, MC/27, MC/29, MC/902.; TMK. 656, 661 vd. ● Article 28. In the presence of two evils, the greater is avoided by the commission of the lesser.
    MC/29Madde 29 - Ehven-i şerreyn ihtiyâr olunur. MC. MC/21, MC/22, MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/902.; TMK. 656, 661 vd. ● Article 29. The lesser of the two evils is preferred.
    MC/30Madde 30 - Def'-i mefâsid celb-i menâfi'den evlâdır. ● Article 30. Repelling an evil is preferable to securing a benefit.
    MC/31Madde 31 -Zarar bi-kadari'l-imkân def olunur. MC. MC/28, MC/29, MC/30, MC/532, MC/533.; TMK. 656 ve 661. ● Article 31. Injury is removed as far as possible.
    MC/32Madde 32 - Hâcet umûmî olsun husûsî olsun zarûret menzilesine tenzîl olunur. Bey ' bil-vefânın tecvîzi bu kabîldendir ki Buhara ahâlîsinde borç tekessür etdikçe görülen ihtiyaç üzerine bu mu'âmele mer'iyyü'l-icrâ olmuştur. MC. MC/21, MC/118, MC/205, MC/213, MC/396, MC/420.● Article 32. Any want, whether of a public or private nature, is so dealt with as to meet the exigencies of the case. The validity of sale subject to a right of redemption is of this nature. The inhabitants of Bokhara having fallen badly into debt, this procedure was put into operation in order to meet the exigencies of the case.
    MC/33Madde 33 - Iztırar gayrın hakkını ibtâl etmez.Binâen-alâ-zâlik bir adam aç kalıb da birinin ekmeğini yese ba'dehû kıymetini vermesi lazım gelir.MC. MC/400, MC/1007.; TCK: 49-50/4; TBK. 52 ● Article 33. Necessity does not invalidate the right of another. Consequently, if a hungry person eats bread belonging to another, such person must later pay the value thereof.
    MC/34Madde 34 - Alması memnû' olan şeyin vermesi dahi memnû' olur.TCK 64 67 MC MC/35 tbk 50 ● Article 34. A thing which may not be taken may also not be given.
    MC/35Madde 35 - İşlenmesi memnû' olan şeyin istenmesi dahi memnû' olur.TCK 64-67.; TBK 50.; MC. MC/34, MC/1818. ● Article 35. It is forbidden to request the performance of a prohibited act.
    MC/36Madde 36 - Âdet muhakkemdir. Yani hükm-i şer'iyi isbât için örf ve âdet hakem kılınır. Gerek âmm olsun ve gerek hâs olsun. MC. MC/37, MC/38, MC/39, MC/40, MC/41, MC/42, MC/43, MC/44, 45, MC/230, MC/251, MC/291, MC/450, MC/460, MC/469, MC/574, MC/575, MC/576, MC/1340, MC/1790, MC/188, MC/354, MC/495, MC/555, MC/622, MC/829.; TMK. 1/1, 590/11, 592/281, 285, 420, 423. ● Article 36. Custom is an arbitrator; that is to say, custom, whether public or private, may be invoked to justify the giving of judgement.
    MC/37Madde 37 - Nâsın isti'mâli bir hüccetdir ki anınla amel vâcib olur. I'MK ı; MC. MC/36, MC/168, MC/389, MC/495. ● Article 37. Public usage is conclusive evidence and action must be taken in accordance therewith.
    MC/38Madde 38 - Âdeten mümteni' olan şey hakîkaten mümteni' gibidir.MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/39, MC/40, MC/1589, MC/1629. ● Article 38. A thing which it is customary to regard as impossible is considered to be impossible in fact.
    MC/39Madde 39 - Ezmanın tegayyürü ile ahkâm'ın tagayyürü inkâr olunamaz.MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/40, MC/244, MC/326, MC/596, MC/1716. ● Article 39. It is an accepted fact that the terms of law vary with the change in the times.
    MC/40Madde 40 - Âdetin delâletiyle ma'ânîy-ı hakîkî terk olunur.MC. MC/12, MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/39, MC/61, MC/82, MC/912, MC/1584.; TMK ı, 2.; TBK. 18 ● Article 40. In the presence of custom no regard is paid to the literal meaning of a thing.
    MC/41Madde 41- Âdet ancak muttarid yâhut galip oldukda mu'teber olur.MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/39, MC/40, MC/42, MC/240.; TMK ı Article 41. Effect is only given to custom where it is of regular occurrence or when universally prevailing.
    MC/42Madde 42 - İ'tibâr galib-i şâyi'adır, nâdire değildir.MC. MC/41, MC/987.; TMK ı; HUMK 238● Article 42. Effect is given to what is of common occurrence; not to what happens infrequently.
    MC/43Madde 43 - Örfe ma'rûf olan şey şart kılınmış gibidir.TMK 1; TTK ı; MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/41, MC/42, MC/461, MC/563, MC/596, MC/871 ● Article 43. A matter recognised by custom is regarded as though it were a contractual obligation.
    MC/44Madde 44 - Beyne't-tüccâr ma'rûf olan şey beynlerinde meşrût gibidir.MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/790, MC/1463.; TMK 1/1, 2; TBK 18 ● Article 44. A matter recognised by merchants is regarded as being a contractual obligation between them.
    MC/45Madde 45 - Örf ile ta'yîn nass ile ta'yîn gibidir,MC. MC/43, MC/44, MC/527, MC/528, MC/816, MC/1498, MC/1499.; TMK ı ● Article 45. A matter established by custom is like a matter established by law.
    MC/46Madde 46 - Mâni' ve muktazi teâruz etdikde mâni' takdîm olunur. Binâen-alâ-zâlik bir adam borçlusu yedinde merhûn olan malını âhara satamaz. MC. MC/337, MC/350, MC/397, MC/96-MC/1192, MC/590-MC/1725, MC/756-MC/1192-MC/747, MC/1192-MC/1197, MC/1598-MC/1601. ● Article 46. When prohibition and necessity conflict, preference is given to the prohibition. Consequently, a person may not sell to another a thing which he has given to his creditor as security for debt.
    MC/47Madde 47 - Vücudda bir şeye tâbi' olan hükümde dahi ana tâbi' olur. tılmış olur??? MC. MC/48, MC/50, MC/236, MC/903.; TMK. 619-622 ● Article 47. An accessory which is attached to an object in fact is also attached to it is law. Consequently, when a pregnant animal is sold, the young in its womb is sold with it.
    MC/48Madde 48 - Tâbi' olan şeye ayrıca hüküm verilmez. Meselâ bir hayvanın karnındaki yavrusu ayrıca satılamaz. MC. MC/47, MC/216, MC/224, MC/856.; TMK. 619-622 ● Article 48. An accessory to an object cannot be dealt with separately.yvT A Example: The young in an animal's womb cannot be sold separately.
    MC/49Madde 49 - Bir şeye mâlik olan kimse ol şeyin zarûriyyâtmdan olan şeye dahi mâlik olur. Meselâ, bir hâneyi satın alan kimse ana mûsil olan tarîka dahi mâlik olur. MC. MC/232, MC/1194 ● Article 49. The owner of a thing held in absolute ownership is also the owner of the things indispensable to the enjoyment of such thing.yvT K Example: A person who buys a house is also owner of the road leading to it.
    MC/50Madde 50 - Asıl sâkıt oldukda fer' dahi sâkıt olur. MC. MC/81, MC/661, MC/662, MC/1527, MC/1530 ● Article 50. If the principle fails, the accessory also fails.
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    MKK: MKK3: MKK/51-75
    MC/51. MC/52. MC/53. MC/54. MC/55. MC/56. MC/57. MC/58. MC/59. MC/60. MC/61. MC/62. MC/63. MC/64. MC/65. MC/66. MC/67. MC/68. MC/69. MC/70. MC/71. MC/72. MC/73. MC/74. MC/75
    Madde 50 - Asıl sâkıt oldukda fer' dahi sâkıt olur.MC. MC/81, MC/661, MC/662, MC/1527, MC/1530
    51Madde 51 - Sâkıt olan şey avdet etmez. Ya'ni giden geri gelmez.
    52Madde 52 - Bir şey bâtıl oldukda anın zımmındaki şey dahi bâtıl olur.MC. MC/175, MC/523, MC/1566.; MA. 41.; TCK. 49, 50, 51, 60.; TBK ı, 6, 113; HUMK. 234
    53Madde 53 - Aslın îfâsı kâbil olmadığı halde bedeli îfâ olunur.MC. MC/488, MC/489, MC/891.; TBK. 43.
    54Madde 54 - Bizzat tecvîz olunmayan şey bi't-teba' tecviz olunabilir. Meselâ, müşteri mebî'i kabz için bâyi'i tevkîl etse câiz olmaz. Amma iştira eylediği zahîreyi ölçüp koymak için bâyi'a çuvalı verip dahi zahîreyi çuvala edicek zımnan ve teb'an kabz bulunur.
    55MC/55???mMadde Meseli, 55 hi12s:-i' - İbtidâen şâ9ylayı tecviz olunmayan şey bakâen tecviz olunabilir.

    hibe etmek sahîh değildir.

    Amma bir mâl-ı mevhûbun bir hisse-i şâyi'asina bir müstahlik çıkıp da zabtetse hibe bâtıl olmayıp hisse-i bâkiye-i mevhûbün lehin malı olur.MC. MC/19, MC/24, MC/430, MC/858, MC/1466.; TMK. 2
    56Madde 56 - Baka' ibtidâdan esheldir. MC/55, MC/429, MC/430.; TMK. 2
    57Madde 57 - Teberru' ancak kabz ile tamam olur. Meselâ, bir adam birine bir şey hibe etse kable'l-kabz hibe tamam olmaz.
    58Madde 58 Raiyye yani teb'a üzerine tasarruf maslahatâ menuttur.
    59Madde 59 Iltejelllîl-i Velâyet-i hâssa velâyet-i âmmeden akvadır. Meselâ, vakfın velâyeti kadınin velâyetinden akvadır. TMK. 262, 265, 266, 267, 272, 275, 405.; MC. MC/974, MC/975.
    60Madde 60- Yani bir kelâmın bir manaya hamli mümkün oldukça ihmâl yani manasız i vamamalıd MC, MC/40, MC/61, MC/1456.; TMK. ı, 2.; TBK. 18.
    61Madde 61 - Ma'nây-ı hakîkî mütaazzir oldukta mecaza gidilir. MC.MC/40, MC/60, MC/62, MC/1517.; TMK. ı, 2.; TBK. 18.
    62Madde 62 - Bir kelâmın i'mâli mümkün olmaz ise ihmâl olunur. Yani bir kelamın hakîkî ve mecâzî bir manaya hamli mümkün olmaz ise o halde mühmel yani manasız bırakılır. MC. MC/60, MC/61, MC/1577, MC/1629, MC/1697.; TMK. ı, 2.; TBK. 18.
    63Madde 63 - Mütecezzi olmayan bir şeyin bazını zikretmek küllünü zikr gibidir. MC. MC/60, MC/1041.; MA. 31, 36.; TBK. ı, 6.; HUMK 234.
    64Madde 64 - Mutlak ıtlakı üzere cârî olur. Eğer nassan yahut delâleten takyîd delîli bulunmaz ise. MC. MC/1, MC/2, MC/571, MC/572, MC/573, MC/819, MC/820, MC/1494, MC/1495, MC/1478, MC/1482, MC/1483, MC/1484.; TBK. 180.; HUMK 234.
    65Madde 65 - Hazırdaki vasıf lağv ve gaibdeki vasıf muteberdir. Meselâ, meclis-i hazır olan bir kır atı satacak olduğu halde şu yağız atı şu kadar bin kuruşa satdım dese icabı muteber olup yağız tabiri lağv olur amma meydanda Olmayan bir kır atı yağız deyu satsa vasıf mu'teber olmakla bey' mün'akid ol- MC. MC/107, MC/208,.; TMK ı, 2.; TBK. 18, 31.
    66Madde 66 - Sual cevapta iâde olunmuş addolunur. Yani tasdik, olunan bir sualde ne denilmiş ise mûcib onu söylemiş hükmündedir.
    67Madde 67 - Sâkit'e bir söz isnâd olunmaz. Lâkin ma'raz-ı hâcette sükût beyandır. Yani, sükût eden kimseye şu sözü söylemiş oldu denilemez, lâkin söyleyecek yer- MC. MC/281, 377]], 438]], 596]], MC/773, MC/805, MC/843, MC/847, MC/971, MC/1451, MC/1452, MC/1485, MC/1659, MC/1822.; HUMK 234.; TBK ı, 6, 31, 198-200, 221, 263, 387, 428.
    68Madde 68 - Bir şeyin umûr-u bâtınada delili ol şeyin makâmına kâim olur. Yani hakîkatine olan umûr-l bâtınada delîl-i zâhirîsi ile hükm olunur???. MC. MC/67, MC/183, MC/344, MC/769, MC/770, TMK 3.
    69Madde 69 - Mükâtebe muhâtaba gibidir.MC. MC/436, MC/1607, MC/1610, MC/1736.; TEK 5, 10.
    70Madde 70 - Dilsizin işaret-i malhûdesi lisan ile beyân gibidir.
    71Madde 71 - Tercümanın kavli her hususda kabul olunur.
    72Madde 72 Hatâsı zâhir olan zanna i'tibar yoktur.MC. 914, 1061, MC/1838.; TMK. ı, 2.; TBK. 18.; HUMK. 236, 254.
    73Madde 73 - Senede müstenid olan ihtimal ile hüccet yoktur.

    Meselâ, bir kimse veresesinden birine şu kadar kuruş borcu olduğunu ikrâr hücc:ettiği takdirde eğer maraz-ı mevtinde ise diğer verese tasdik etmedikçe bu ikrârı değildir. Zira eğer vereseden mal kaçırmak ihtimali maraz-ı mevte müsteniddir. amma hal-i sıhhatda ise ikrârı mu'teber olur ve ol halde olan ihtimal mücerred bir nevi te-

    MC.MC/72, MC/74, MC/1568, MC/1578.; HUMK. 236, 254.
    74Madde 74 - Tevehhüme i'tibar yokdur. MC. MC/72, MC/73, MC/75, MC/1013, MC/1161, MC/1192, MC/1741.; MA. 92.
    75Madde 75 - Bürhan ile sâbit olan şey ıyânen sabit gibidir.
    g • t • d
    MKK: MKK/4 -MKK/75-100
    MC/75 . MC/76 . MC/77 . MC/78 . MC/79 . MC/80 . MC/81 . MC/82 . MC/83 . MC/84 . MC/85 . MC/86 . MC/87 . MC/88 . MC/89 . MC/90 . MC/91 . MC/92 . MC/93 . MC/94 . MC/95 . MC/96 . MC/97 . MC/98 . MC/99 . MC/100
    MC/75Madde 75 - Bürhan ile sâbit olan şey ıyânen sabit gibidir.● Article 75. A thing established by proof is equivalent to a thing established by ocular inspection.
    MC/76Madde 76 - Beyyine müdde'î için ve yemîn münkir üzerinedir. MC. MC/1461, MC/1463, MC/1613, MC/1817, MC/1818, MC/78, MC/79.; TMK. 6, 28, 157, 185.; TBK 42/1, 55/1, 103/11. ● Article 76. EVIDENCE IS FOR HIM WHO AFFIRMS; THE OATH FOR HIM WHO DENIES.
    MC/77Madde 77 — Beyyine hilâf-ı zâhiri isbât için ve yemîn aslı ibkâ içindir. MC. 8, 9, 11, 77, 81, 403, 967, 1774.● Article 77. The object of evidence is to prove what is contrary to appearance; the object of the oath is to ensure the continuance of the original state.
    MC/78Madde 78 - Beyyine hüccet-i müteaddiye ve ikrâr hüccet-i kâsıradır. MC. 80, 81, 1384, 1572, 1642, 1676.; HUMK. 236, 254, 299. ● Article 78. Evidence is proof affecting third person; admission is proof affecting the person making such admission only.
    MC/79Madde 79 - Kişi ikrârıyla muaheze olunur. MC. 79, 81, 1127, 1573, 1575, 1588, 1632, 1654. ● Article 79. A person is bound by his own admission.
    MC/80Madde 80 — Tenâkuz ile hüccet kalmaz, lâkin mütenâkızın aleyhine olan hükme halel gelmez.

    Meselâ, şehidler şahâdetlerinden rücû' ile tenâkuz etdiklerinde şahâdetleri hüccet olmaz, lâkin evvelki şahâdetleri üzerine kâdî hükmetmiş ise bu hüküm dahi bozulmayıp mahkumunbihi şahidlerin tazmin etmesi lazım gelir. MC. 78, 90, 1729, 1730.

    ● Article 80. Contradiction and proof are incompatible; but this does not invalidate a judgement given against the person contradicting. Example:- Witnesses contradict themselves by going back upon the evidence they have given. Such evidence is not proof; but if the court has already given judgement based upon the original evidence, such judgement may not be set aside, but the

    witnesses must pay the value of the subject matter of the judgement to the persons against whom judgement has been given.
    MC/81Madde 81 — Asıl sâbit olmadığı halde fer'in sâbit olduğu vardır. Meselâ, bir kimse filanın filana şu kadar kuruş deyni vardır, ben dahi kefilim dese ve asil'in inkârı üzerine dâ'in iddi'â etse meblağ-ı mezburu kefilin vermesi lazım gelir. MC. 78, 1632. ● Article 81. Failure to establish the principle claim does not imply failure to establish a claim subsidiary thereto. Example:- A person states that A owes a sum of money to B and that he has the surety of A. Such person will be obliged to pay the sum in question if A repudiates the debt and B demands payment.
    MC/82Madde 82 — Şartin sübûtu indinde ana muallak olan şeyin sübûtu lazım olur. MC. 83, 84, 408, 494, 623, 1456, 1584.; TMK/2. ● Article 82. If the validity of a condition is established, the validity of anything dependent thereon must also be established.
    MC/83Madde 83 — Bi-kaderi'l-imkân şarta mürâat olunmak lâzım gelir. MC. 82, 84, 186, 187, 189, 287, 398, 468, 474, 777, 813, 884, 1073, 1166, 1420, 1337, 1402, 1561.; TMK. 2. ● Article 83. A condition must be observed as far as possible.
    MC/84Madde 84 - Va'dler suver-i ta'lîki iktisâ ile lazım olur. Meselâ, sen bu malı filan adama sat, eğer akçesini vermez ise ben veririm dese ve malı alan akçeyi vermese bu va'di eden kimsenin akçeyi vermesi lazım gelir. MC. 82, 83, 623. ● Article 84. Any promise dependent upon a condition is irrevocable upon such condition being fulfilled. Example:- A person tells A to sell a certain thing to B and informs A he will pay him in the event of B failing to do so, and B does in fact fail so to do. The person making the promise is obliged to pay the money.
    MC/85Madde 85 — Bir şeyin nefi zamânı mukâbelesindedir. Yani, bir şey telef olduğu takdirde hasârı kime âit ise anın zamanında demek olup ol kimsenin bu vechile zamanı ol şey ile intifâ'a mukâbil olur.

    Meselâ, hıyar-ı ayb ile reddolunan bir hayvanı müşteri kullanmış olmasından dolayı bâyi' ücret alamaz. Zira kablen-redd telef olaydı hasarı müşteriye ait olacaktı. MC. 86, 87, 88, 236, 344, 393, 891, 903.

    ● Article 85. The enjoyment of a thing is the compensating factor for any liability attaching thereto; that is to say, in the event of a thing being destroyed, the person to whom such thing belongs must suffer the loss and conversely may enjoy any advantages attaching thereto. Example:- An animal is returned by reason of an option for defect. The vendor may not charge any fee on account of the use of the animal, because if it had been fallen upon the purchaser.
    MC/86Madde 86 - Ücret ile zamân müctemi' olmaz. MC. 85, 87, 88, 416, 469, 511, 536, 545, 548, 551, 596. ● Article 86. Remuneration and liability to make good loss do not run together.
    MC/87Madde 87 - Mazarrat menfa'at mukâbelesindedir. Yani, bir şeyin menfa'atına nâil olan anın mazarratına da mütehammil olur. MC, 85, 86, 88, 292, 1073. 1152, 1308, 1316, 1319, 1324, 1327, 1328. ● Article 87. Disadvantage is an obligation accompanying enjoyment. That is to say, a person who enjoys a thing must submit to the disadvantages attaching thereto.
    88Madde 88 - Külfet ni'mete ve nümet külfete göredir. MC. 85, 86, 87. ● Article 88. The burden is in proportion to the benefit and the benefit to the burden.
    89Madde 89 - Bir fiilin hükmü fâiline muzâf kılınır ve mücbir olmadıkça âmirine muzaaf kılınmaz. MC 90, 92, 93, 95, 9. Kizp, 293. ● Article 89. The responsibility for an act falls upon the author thereof; it does not fall upon the person ordering such act to be performed, provided that such person does not compel the commission thereof.
    90Madde 90 - Mübâşir yani bizzat fâil ile mütesebbib müctemi' oldukda hükm ol fâile muzaf kılınır. Meselâ. birinin tarîk-i âmmda kazmış olduğu kuyuya diğeri, birinin hayvanını ilkâ ile itlâf ezse o zâmin olup kuyuyu hafr eden kimseye zamân lâzım gelmez. MC. 89, 91. 92 193, 922, 1828; TCK 52, 6467.; TBK. 41, vd. ● Article 90. If a person performs any act personally and is implicated therein with the person who is the cause thereof, the person performing such act is responsible thereof. Example:- A digs a well in the public highway and B causes C's animal to fall therein and to be destroyed. B is responsible thereof and no liability rests with the person who dug the well.
    91Madde 91 - Cevâz-ı şer'i zamâna münâfi olur. Meselâ, bir adamın kendi mülkünde kazmış olduğu kuyuya birinin hayvanı düşüp telef olsa zamân lazım gelmez. MC 92, 93, 796, 798, 822, 224, 875, 924, 1075, 1192.; TCK. 52, 64-67, 78, 49-51. ● Article 91. An act allowed by law cannot be made the subject of a claim to compensation. Example:- An animal belonging to A falls into a well which B has dug on his own property held in absolute ownership and such animal is destroyed . No compensation can be claimed.
    92Madde 92 - Mübâşir müteammid olmasa da zâmin olur. MC. 91, 93. 912, 913. 926; 41 vd. ● Article 92. A person who performs an act, even though not intentionally, is liable to make good any loss caused thereby.
    93Madde 93 - Mütesebbib müteammid olmadıkça zâmin olmaz. MC. 91, 93, 913, 924; TBK 41 ● Article 93. A person who is the cause of an act being performed is not liable to make good any loss caused by such act unless he has acted intentionally.
    94Madde 94 -Hayvanâtın kendiliğinden olarak cinâyet ve mazarratı hederdir. MC. 81, 929, 931, 932. 933.939 ● Article 94. No liability attaches in connection with offences of or damage caused by animals of their own accord.
    95Madde 95 - Gayrın mülkünde tasarrufla emretmek bâtıldır. MC. 96, 97, 125, 657, 1007, 1510.: TEK. 411, 413.; 900 vd. ● Article 95. Any order given for dealing with the property of any other person held in absolute ownership is void.
    96Madde 96 - Bir kimsenin mülkünde anın izni olmaksızın âhar bir kimsenin tasarruf etmesi câiz değildir. MC, MC/27, MC/45, MC/95, MC/97, MC/365.MC/446*MC/799, MC/857, MC/919, MC/1075, MC/1078, MC/1079, MC/1459, MC/1546. ● Article 96. No person may deal with the property of another held in absolute ownership without suchperson's permission.
    97Madde 97 - Bilâ-sebeb-i meşrü' birinin malını bir kimsenin ahz eylemesi câiz olmaz. MC. 95, 96, 369, MC/891, MC/889.; TMK. 2.; TBK 61, 41 ● Article 97. No person may take another person's property without some legal reason.
    98Madde 98 - Bir şeyde sebeb-i temellükün tebeddülü ol şeyin tebeddülü makâmına kâimdir. MC. 255, 869.● Article 98. Any change is the cause of the ownership of a thing held in absolute ownership is equivalent to a change in that thing itself.
    99Madde 99 — Kim ki bir şeyi vaktinden evvel isti'câl eyler ise mahrûmiyetle mu'âteb olur. TMK. 285-286.; TCK. 343, 477.● Article 99. Any person who hastens the accomplishment of a thing before its due time, is punished by being deprived thereof.
    100Madde 100 — Her kim ki kendi tarafından tamam olan şeyi nakz etmeğe sa'y ederse sa'yi merduttur. MC. 19, 356, 368, 616, 898, 1658.; TMK. 3-4. ● Article 100. If any person seeks to disavow any act performed by himself, such attempt is entirely disregarded.
    g • t • d
    MECELLE: 1.Kitap:Kitab-ul Büyu' .Book I:Sale
    Sale - Büyu' - ALIŞ VERİŞ]]
    MC/101.
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    MECELLE: 2.Kitap (Boş):Kitab'ul İcârât.(Boş) Majalla/BOOK II (Dolu)
    İcar . İcâr . İcârât . Hire (Adam kiralama, Arapça ecir) . Rent (Mülk kiralama). Kira . Kiralar . 1. a person who has been hired, especially in a cohort; 2. to exchange the services of for remuneration; 3. the state of being hired, or having a job; employment;
    İcarİcarat . İcar . İcâr . İcâre . İcâreten
    Müstecir .Kiralayan . Kiracı . Müstecirin vazifeleri . Renter formerly, law renter, tenant, lessee


    leaseholder
    MücirMücir . Mücirin vazifeleri
    MecurKiralanan
    MC/.
    .
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    MECELLE: 3.Kitap:Kitab'ul Kefâlet
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    MECELLE: 4.Kitap:Kitab'ul Havâle
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    MECELLE: 5.Kitap:Kitab'ul Rehn
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    MECELLE: 6.Kitap:Kitab'ul Emanet
    g • t • d
    MECELLE: 7.Kitap:Kitab-ul
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    MECELLE: 8.Kitap:Kitab'ul Hibe
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    MECELLE: 9.Kitap:Kitab'ul Hacr ve-l İkrah Veş-Şuf'a
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    MECELLE: 10.Kitap:KİTAB'UL ŞİRKET • Majalla:BOOK X: JOINT OWNERSHIP
    x
    İstilahatTerminoloji: Şirket (JOINT)
    Kitab-ı Şirket/Düz metin
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    MECELLE: 11.KİTAP:KİTÂBÜ'L-VEKÂLE (Vekalet Kitabı).KİTÂB-I HÂDÎ AŞAR:Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (1449-1530 Maddeler arası)- Kitâbü'l-Vekâle/Düz metin - Book XI :AGENCY . Portal:Mecelle
    TerimlerVekalet .Vekalet sözleşmesi
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    MECELLE: 12. KİTAP: KSVİ - KİTÂBÜ'S-SULH VE'L-İBRÂ - KİTÂBÜ'S-SULH VE'L-İBRÂ/Düz Metin
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    MECELLE :13.KİTAP: KİTÂBÜ'L-İKRÂR (İKRAR KİTABI) KİTÂB-I SÂLİS-İ AŞAR

    İKRAR HAKKINDA OLUP DÖRT BÂBI MÜŞTEMİLDİR

    BÂB-I EVVEL:İKRÂRIN ŞERÂ'İTİ BEYANINDADIR
    MADDE 1572 - İkrâr, bir kimse diğer kinmesnenin kendisinde olan hakkını haber vermekdir. Ol kimseye mukirr ve ol kimesneye mukarrun leh ve ol hakka mukarrun bih denilir.
    Terimler (Istılahat)İkrar . Mukirr .Mukarrun leh . Mukarrun bih
    Şerati(Şartları)x
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    MECELLE:14.KİTAP: KİTÂBÜ'L-DA'VÂ .KİTAB-I RÂBİ'İ AŞER. Kitab-ı Dava. Dava• Mecelle• Kitab-ı Dava/Düz metin• Kitab-ı Dava/Osmanî•[[]]•[[]]•[[]]•[[]]
    g • t • d
    MECELLE: 15.KİTAP: KBVT .KİTÂBÜ'L-BEYYİNÂT VE'T-TAHLîF . KBVT/Düz metin . Kitab-ı Beyyinat ve Tehalif eski. Kitab-ı beyyinat ve tehalif yeni buna yönlendir . DRİVE
    Beyyine külfeti
    Istılahat
    (Terimler    		Tevatür. Beyyine . Beyyinât. Beyyinat. Tehalif.
    KBVT/Fasl-ı Evvelİlk fasıl:
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    MECELLE: 16. KİTAP Kitab-ı Kaza (ANA)- KİTÂBÜ'L-KAZÂ - KİTÂB-I SÂDİS-İ AŞAR :KAZÂ HAKKINDA OLUP BİR MUKADDİME İLE DÖRT BÂBI MÜŞTEMİLDİR Kitab-ı Kaza/Günümüz Türkçesiyle Karşılaştırılmalı ve güncel Türkçe olup Güncel Türkesi gözden geçirilip mukayeler geliştirilmelidir. KİTÂBÜ'L-KAZÂ/Düz metin
    MukaddimeKitab-ı Kaza/Mukaddime : Bâzı Istılâhât-ı fıkhiyye beyânındadır.Kazâ hüküm ve hâkimlik ma'nâlarına gelir. Madde 1785 - Hâkim beyne'n-nâs vuku bulan da'vâ ve muhâsamayı ahkâm-ı meşrûiasına tevfikan fasl ve hasm için taraf-ı sultânîden nasb u ta'yîn buyurulan zâttır. MC/1805.

    Madde 1786 - Hüküm, hâkimin muhâsamayı kat' ve hasmeylemesidir. Madde 1784 Kazâ hüküm ve hâkimlik ma'nâlarına gelir. Madde 1785 - Hâkim beyne'n-nâs vuku bulan da'vâ ve muhâsamayı ahkâm-ı meşrûiasına tevfikan fasl ve hasm için taraf-ı sultânîden nasb u ta'yîn buyurulan zâttır. Madde 1786 - Hüküm, hâkimin muhâsamayı kat' ve hasmeylemesidir. Bu dahi iki kısımdır. Kısm-ı evvel: Hâkimin hükmettim; iddi'â olunan şeyi ver demek gibi sözler ile mahkûmun bihi mahkûmun aleyhe ilzâm etmesi yani lâzım kılmasıdır. İşte buna kazâ-i ilzam ve kazâ-i istihkâm denilir. Kısm-ı Sânî: Hakkın yokdur, münâza'adan memnû'sun demek gibi sözler ile hâkimin müdde'îyi münâza'adan men' etmesidir. Buna dahi kazâ-i terk denilir. MC. 1331.; HUMK. 388-393. Madde 1787 — Mahkûmun bih, hâkimin mahkûmun aleyhe ilzâm ettiği şeylerdir ki, kazâ-i ilzam müdde'înin hakkını îfâ etmesi ve kazâ-i terkde müdde'înin münâza'adan vazgeçmesidir.MC. 1619. Madde 1788 - Mahkûmun aleyh, aleyhine hükmolunan kimesnedir. MC. 1676. Madde 1789 — Mahkûmun leh, lehine hükmolunan kimsedir. MC. 1697. Madde 1790 Tahkîm hasmeynin husûmet ve da'vâlarını fasl için rızâları ile âhar kimseyi hâkim ittihaz etmelerinden ibârettir. Ol kimseye fethateyn ile hakem ve mimlin zammı ve hâ'nın fethi ve kâf-ı müşeddede-i meftûha ile muhakkem denilir.

    Madde 1791 - Vekîl-i musahhar, mahkemeye ihzâr olunamayan müdde'â aleyhe hâkim tarafından nasb olunan vekîldir, MC, 1844.
    HakimKitab-ı Kaza/BÂB-I EVVEL : 1 Fasl-ı Evvel :Hâkimin evsâfı beyânındadır. 2 Fasl-ı Sânî: Hâkimin âdâbı beyânındadır. 3 Fasl-ı Sâlis:Hâkimin vezâ'ifi beyânındadır. 4 Fasl-ı Râbii :Sûret-i muhâkemeye dâirdir.
    HükümBÂB-I SÂNÎ :1 Fasl-ı Evvel: Hükmün şurûtu beyânındadır . 2 Fasl-ı Sâni: Hükm-i gıyâbî beyânındadır.
    Davanın rüyetiBÂB-I SÂLİS: DA'VÂNIN BADEL-HÜKM RÜYETİ HAKKINDADIR.
    TahkimBÂB-I RÂBİ' . TAHKîME DÂiR MESÂİL BEYÂNINDADIR
    HÜKKÂMA DÂiR OLUP DÖRT FASLI HÂVîDİR

    Fasl-ı Evvel: Hâkimin evsâfi beyânındadır Madde 1792 Hâkim, hakîm, fehîm, müstakîm ve emîn, mekîn, metîn olmalıdır. Madde 1793 - Hâkim mesâ'il-i fıkhiyyeye ve usûl-i muhâkemeye vâkıf ve deâvî-i vâkıfayı onlara tatbîkan fasl ve hasma muktedir olmalıdır. Madde 1794 Hâkimin temyîz-i tâmma muktedir olması lâzımdır. Fasl-ı Sânî: Hâkimin âdâbı beyânındadır Madde 1795 alış veriş ve mülâtefe Madde 1796 - Hâkim iki hasımdan hiçbirisinin hediyesini kabul etmez. Madde 1797 mütehâkimeynin ziyâfetine gitmez.Madde 1798 hânesine kabûl etmek ve biriyle halvet veyahut ikisinden birisine el ya göz veya baş ile işâret eylemek veya onlardan birisine gizli lakırdı yahut diğerinin bilmediği lisan ile söz söylemek gibi Madde 1799 -- Hâkim beyne'l-hasmeyn adl ile me'mûrdur. Binâenaleyh tarafeynden biri her ne kadar eşrâfdan ve diğeri ahâd-ı nâsdan olsa bile hîn-i muhâkemede tarafeyni oturtmak ve kendilerine imâle-i nazar ve hitâb etmek gibi muhâkemeye müte'allık muhâkemâtda tamâmıyla adi ve müsâvât ri'âyet etmesi lâzımdır.Fasl-ı Sânî: Hâkimin vezâ'ifi beyânındadır Madde 1800 - Hâkim, taraf-1 Sultândan icrây-ı muhâkemeye ve hükme vekildir, Madde 1801 -- Kazâ, zaman 've makân ile ve bazı husûsâtın istisnâsı ile tekayyüd ve tahassus eder. Ve bir mahkeme-i mu'ayyenede hükmetmek üzere nasbolunan hâkim ancak ol mahkemede hükmedip diğer bir mahalde hükmedemez. Ve kezâlik maslahat-ı âmme mülâhaza-i âdilesine binâen filan husûsa müteiallik da'vâ istimâ' olunmaya deyu emr-i sultânî sâdır olsa hâkim ol dalvâyı istimâd ve hükmedemez. Veyahut bir mahkeme hâkimi bazı husûsât-ı mu'ayyene istimâ'ına me'zûn olup da mâ'adâsını istimâ'a me'zûn olmasa ol hâkim ancak me'zûn olduğu husûsâtı istimâ' ve hükmeder. Mâladâsını istimâ' ve ve hükmedemez. Ve kezâlik bir müctehidin bir hususda re'yi, nâsa erfak ve maslahat-ı asra evfak olduğuna binâen onun re'yi ile amel olunmak üzere emr-i sultânî sâdır olsa ol husûsda hâkim ol müctehidin re'yine münâfi dîğer bir müctehidin re'yi ile amel edemez, ederse hükmü nâfiz olmaz. Madde 1802 - Bir da'vâyı malan istimâ' ve hükmetmek üzre nasb olunan iki hâkimden yalnız birisi ol da'vâyı istimâ' ve hükmedemez; ederse hükmü nâfiz olmaz. (1465.) maddeye bak. Madde 1803 - Mütedaddid hâkimi olan beldede hasmeynden birisi bir hâkimin ve diğer öbür hâkimin huzûrunda murâfa'a olmak isteyip de bu vechile beynlerinde ihtilâfvâki' olsa müddetâ aleyhin iddi'â eylediği hâkim tercih olunur. Madde 1804 - Bir hâkimin azli Madde 1806 Hâkimin istimâ' eylediği beyyine ile kendisi hükmedebilir. nâ'ib de . Şöyle ki, hâkim bir da'vâ hakkında beyyine istimâ'ı ve nâ'ibe ihbâr eylese nâ'ibi i'âde-i beyyine etmeksizin hâkimin ihbârı ile hükmedebilir ve hükme me'zûn olan nâ'ib bir husûsda beyyine istimâl edip de hâkime inhâ eylese hâkim i'âde-i beyyine etmeksizin nâ'ibin inhâsı ile hükmedebilir ammâ hükme me'zûn olmayıp da ancak tedkik ve istikşâf için beyyine istimâ'ına memûr olan kimsenin inhâsı ile hâkim hükmedemeyip bizzat istimâ'-ı beyyine etmesi lâzımdır. Madde 1807 Başka kazada hakimlik Madde 1808 - Davaya bakma yasagı Madde 1809 - Bir belde hâkiminin bir kimesne ile da'vâsı olduğu sûretde ol beldede dîğer hâkim varsa onun huzûrunda murâfa'a olurlar. muvellâ istid'â etmek. Madde 1810 - Hâkim ru'yet-i da'vâda el-akdemü fe'l-akdem kâ'idesine ri'âyet etmelidir. Madde 1811 istiftâ' etmesi câizdir. Madde 1812 - Hâkim, ğam ve ğussa ve açlık ve ğalebe-i nevm gibi sıhhat-ı tefekkküre mâni' olabilecek bir ârıza ile zihni müşevveş olduğu halde hükme tesaddî etmemelidir. Madde 1813 Hâkim murâfa'âtda icrây-ı tedkîkât etmekle beraber işi sürüncemede bırakmamalıdır.Madde 1814 sicillât defteri ilâmât ve senedâtı kayd muhafaza devir Fasl-ı Râbii:Sûret-i muhâkemeye dâirdir.Madde 1815 Hâkim muhâkemeye alenen icrâ eder. Fakat kable'l-hükm ne vechile hükmedileceğini ifşâ etmez. Madde 1816 — Hâkim evvelen müdde'îye da'vâsını takrîr ettirir. Ve evvelce da'vâsı tahrîren zabt olunmuş ise, davayı kırâaat ile mazmûnu kendisine tasdîk ettirilir . Madde 1817 Müddde'â aleyh, inkâr ederse hâkim müdde'îden beyyine talep eder. Madde 1818 müdde'â aleyhe yemîn teklîfi . Madde 1819Müddeinin yemin vermemesi Madde 1820 . nükûl . Madde 1821. Madde 1822 — sükut inkar sayılır.Madde 1823. Madde 1824 .Madde 1825 .Madde 1826.Madde 1827 BÂB-I SÂNÎ:HÜKME DÂiR OLUP İKİ FASLI MÜŞTEMİLDİR Fasl-ı Evvel:Hükmün şurûtu beyânındadır Madde 1829 Hükümde sebka-i da'vâ şartdır. Da'vâ sebk etmeden vukû' bulan hüküm sahîh olmaz. Madde 1830 -Madde 1831 Müdde'â aleyhin vekîli muvâcehesinde ikâme-i beyyine olundukdan sonra müdde'â aleyh bizzat meclis-i hükme hâzır olsa hâkim beyyine ile müddeâ aleyh üzerine hükmedebilir, Ve bilakis müddetâ aleyhin muvâcehesinde ikâme-i beyyine olundukdan sonra vekil meclise hâzır olsa hâkim ol beyyine ile vekîlin üzerine hükmedebelir.

    Fals-ı Sâni:Hükm-i gıyâbî  Madde 1833 Madde 1834 Madde 1835 Madde 1836 BÂB-I SÂLiS:DA'VÂNIN BADEL-HÜKM RÜYETİ Madde 1837 Madde 1839 Madde 1840

    BÂB-I RÂBİ':TAHKîMMadde 1841 Hukûk-ı nâsa mütedallık mal da'vâlarında tahkîm câizdir,Madde 1842 Madde 1843 Mahkemenin taaddüdü Madde 1844 Madde 1845 .Madde 1846 .Madde 1847.Madde 1848.Madde 1849- Madde 1850 - Madde 1851
    g • t • d
    ARAPÇA Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliye • مجلة احكام عدلى

    Mecelle Esbâb-ı Mûcibe Mazbatası . Mecelle/Sadaretin Arzı ve İrade-i Seniyye . Mecelle/Mukaddime . Majalla/Introduction . Majalla/Part I. Majalla/ PART II Mecelle/İlk 100 MADDE: MC/1. MC/2. Mecelle'den seçme hükümler güzel medeni kanun hükümleri Mecellenin külli kaideleri. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Osmanlıca. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça Osmanlıca Türkçe. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Türkçe kelime izahlı. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arabi Türki İzahlı ve Şerhli.

    Mecelle/Hukukun Kavaid-i Külliyesi.
    son çalışmalar:Osmanlıca PDF mecelle• İddianame için: mütevatirin aleyhine Beyyine kabul olunmaz. Madde 73.md Hatası zahir olan zanna itibar yoktur

    MM hocası Atıf Bey şerhi -

    Archive org Atif bey mecelle Şerhi
    Esbabı MucibeMecelle Esbâb-ı Mûcibe Mazbatası .
    Arz-ı SadaretMecelle/Sadaretin Arzı ve İrade-i Seniyye .
    MukaddimeMecelle/Mukaddime

    Majalla/Introduction .MAJALLA . Majalla/Part I.

    Majalla/ PART II
    Mecelle/İlk 100 MADDEMC/1. MC/2.

    Mecelle'den seçme hükümler güzel medeni kanun hümleri

    Mecelle/Hukukun Kavaid-i Külliyesi
    Mecelle/KitaplarMukaddime . Mecelle/Kitaplar:

    Şehadetin keyfiyeti edası - 591 Şehadetin şurutu esasiyesi - 591 Şehadetin davaya muvafakatı s599- Şahitlerin ihtilafı s603 - karinei katı'a beyanında syf614 -

    • Kitab-í beyyinat ve tehalifs.589 Tahlif breyanında - Tercih-i beyanat ve tahlif - Tenazu-u bil-eyd -Tercih-i beyanat - Tehalüfe dairs630 - Söz kimin olduğuna ve tahkim- i hale dair s 628-
    • Kitab-u Kaza - Hakime dair dört fası s638
    Hakimin evsafı s 638 - Hakimin adabı - Hakimin vezaifi - Hükme dair 648 - Hükmün şurutu s 648
    PDFMecelle/PDFleri

    PDF Osmanlıca mecelle• Dosya:ENG Ottoman Majalle (Civil Law).pdf Dosya:232(1).pdf MM hocası Atıf Bey şerhi - Archive org Atif bey serhi Kitab-ı Dava -Kitab-ı beyyinat ve tehalif Doc kitabi dava• Kitab-ı Kaza• •Mecellenin külli kaideleri

    Mecelle/English
    TürkiMecelle/Türkçe Temyiz Reisi Ali Haydar Efendi Dürer-ül Hükkam şerhi
    ARABİMecelle/Arabi

    درر الحكام شرح مجلة الأحكام 

    المؤلف: علي حيدر

    درر الحكام شرح مجلة الأحكام; المؤلف: علي حيدر; حالة الفهرسة: مفهرس فهرسة كاملة; الناشر: دار عالم الكتب;

    شرح المجلة (مجلة الأحكام العدلية الفقهية) تأليف: سليم رستم الباز

    Şerh-ül fıkıh
    FransizcaMecelle/Fransızca şerhi G.Sinapian Code Civil Ottoman
    EnglishMecelle/English : AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH (The Ottoman Courts Manual )
    RumcaMecelle/Rumca
    ŞerhMecelle şerhleri : Dürerül Hükkam Şerhu Mecelletil Ahkam- Hocaefendizade- Ali Haydar EFENDİ - Mir'at-i mecelle

    Mecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliyeden Kitab ül-Beyyinat ve Tahlif

    Atıf Bey Kuyucaklızade
    KısımlarıBaslangiç, Fikih Temel bilgileri olup, yüz birden dört yüz üçüncü maddeye kadardir.
    • Ikinci kisim, Kirâ bilgileri olup, alti yüz on birinci maddeye kadardir.
    • Üçüncü kisim, Kefil Olmak bilgileridir. Alti yüz yetmis ikinci maddeye kadardir.
    • Dördüncü kisim Havâle bilgisi, yedi yüzüncü maddeye kadardir.
    • Besinci kisim, Rehin olup, yedi yüz altmis birinci maddeye kadardir.
    • Altinci kisim, Emânet’tir. Sekiz yüz otuz ikinci maddeye kadardir.
    • Yedinci kisim, Hibe bagislamaktir. Sekiz yüz sekseninci maddeye kadardir.
    • Sekizinci kisim, Gasb ve Zarar’dir. Dokuz yüz kirkinci maddeye kadardir.
    • Dokuzuncu kisim, Hicr ve Ikrâh’dir. Bin kirk dördüncü maddeye kadardir.
    • Onuncu kisim, Şirketler ve Sosyal Bilgiler’dir. Bin dört yüz kirk sekizinci maddeye kadardir.
    • On birinci kisim, Vekâlet’tir. Bin bes yüz otuzuncu maddeye kadardir.
    • On ikinci kisim, Sulh ve Afv’dir. Bin bes yüz yetmis birinci maddeye kadardir.
    • On üçüncü kisim, Ikrâr’dir. Bin alti yüz on ikinci maddeye kadardir.
    • On dördüncü kisim, Da’va’dir. Bin alti yüz yetmis besinci maddeye kadardir.
    • On besinci kisim, Isbât ve Yemin’dir. Bin yedi yüz seksen üçüncü maddeye kadardir.
    • On altinci kisim, Hâkimlik’tir. Bin sekiz yüz elli birinci maddeye kadardir.
    AhkamMecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliye
    ŞerhMecelle şerhleri : Dürerül Hükkam Şerhu Mecelletil Ahkam- Hocaefendizade- Ali Haydar EFENDİ - Mir'at-i mecelle

    Mecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliyeden Kitab ül-Beyyinat ve Tahlif

    Atıf Bey Kuyucaklızade
    KısımlarıBaslangiç, Fikih Temel bilgileri olup, yüz birden dört yüz üçüncü maddeye kadardir.
    • Ikinci kisim, Kirâ bilgileri olup, alti yüz on birinci maddeye kadardir.
    • Üçüncü kisim, Kefil Olmak bilgileridir. Alti yüz yetmis ikinci maddeye kadardir
    ÇalışmalarTafsili Mecelle -

    İcmali Mecelle - İzahlı Mecelle - Mecelle şerhi - Mecelle Taramaları - Osmanlıca Mecelle - Mecelle/Şerhleri-

    Karşılaştırmalı Mecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliye: Mecelle Ta'dilleri ve ...
    Mecelle kartelası . Mecelle'nin Tadili
    g • t • d
    ENGLISH: AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH
    (The Journal of The Verdicts of The Justice or The Ottoman Courts Manual)
    Tam metin :Mecelle/İngilizce/Düz metin - Mecelle/English ENG word. (Majalla : INTRODUCTION .Part I: Article 1 :Majalla/Definition and Classification of Turkic Jurisprudence - Article 2: Majalla/ PART IIMajalla/MAXIMS OF TURKIC JURISPRUDENCE. (2-99 articles) +1.Book I: SALE (BUYU': 101-403 )+ 2.Book II:RENT (İCÂRAT: 404 -611 ) + 3.Book III:((612-672))Guarantee + 4.BookIV :Transfer of Debt: (673-700) + 5. Book V :Pledges (701-761)+ 6. Book VI Trust and trusteeship (762-832)+ 7.Book VII: Gift (833-880)+ 8. Book VIII: Wrongful Appropriation and Destructions WRONGFUL APPROPRIATION AND DESTRUCTION(881-940)+ 9.BookIX:Interdiction, Constraint and Pre-emption: (941-1044) + 10.Book 10: Joint Ownership (1045-1148)+ 11. Book 11: Agency (1449-1530) + 12. Book 12: Settlement and Release (1531-1571) + 13.Book 13: Admissions (1572-1612)+ 14.Book 14: Actions (1613-1675) + 15. Book 15: Evidence and Administration of an Oath (1676-1783)+ 16. Book 16: Administration of Justice by the Courts (1784-1851)
    Mecelle/Dictionary . Mecelle/Fransızca - Mecelle/Arabî . Mecelle/Osmani ❍ (Majalla : Introduction .INTRODUCTION .Part I: Article 1 :PART II :Majalla/Definition and Classification of Turkic Jurisprudence . Majalla/ PART II:Majalla/MAXIMS OF TURKIC JURISPRUDENCE. (2-99 articles)
    Book IMajalla/Book I: : BUYU' (SALE) ● Book 1: Sale. 1.Kitap: Kitab'ul Büyû' Bir mukaddime ve 7 bab (101-403)
    Book IIMajalla/Book II: RENT(İCARAT)● Book 2: Hire : 2.Kitap: Kitab'ul İcârât Bir mukaddime 8 Bab (403-611)
    Book IIIMajalla/Book III: ● Book 3: Guarantee : 3.Kitap: Kitab'ul Kefâlet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (612-672)
    Book IVMajalla/Book VI:● Book 4: Transfer of Debt :4.Kitap: Kitab'ul Havâle Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (673-700)
    Book VMajalla/Book V● Book 5: Pledges :5.Kitap: Kitab'ul Rehn Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (701-761)
    Book VIMajalla/Book VI● Book 6: Trust and trusteeship : 6.Kitap: Kitab'ul Emanet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (762-832)
    Book VIIMajalla/Book VII ● Book 7: Gift .7.Kitap: Kitab'ul Hibe Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (833-880)
    Book VIIIMajalla/Book VIII● Book 8: Wrongful Appropriation and Destructions WRONGFUL APPROPRIATION AND DESTRUCTION8.Kitap: Kitab'ul Gasb ve-l İtlaf Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (881-940)
    Book IXMajalla/Book IX: Interdiction, Constraint and Pre-emption ●Book 9: Interdiction, Constraint and Pre-emption . 9.Kitap: Kitab'ul Hacr ve-l İkrah Veş-Şuf'a Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (941-104
    Book XMajalla/Book X● Book 10: Joint Ownership 10.Kitap: -Kitab'ul Şirket Bir Mukaddime 8 Bab (1045-1148)
    Book XIMajalla/Book XI● Book 11: Agency . 11.Kitap: Kitab'ul Vekalet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (1449-1530)
    Book XIIMajalla/Book XII● Book 12: Settlement and Release :12.Kitap: Kitab'ul Sulh ve-l İbra Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1531-1571)
    Book XIIIMajalla/Book XIII● Book 13: Admissions :13.Kitap: Kitab'ul İkrarBir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1572-1612)
    Book XIVMajalla/Book XIV● Book 14: Actions :14.Kitap: Kitab'ul Da'vâ Bir Mukaddime 12 Bab (1613-1675)
    Book XVMajalla/Book XV ● Book 15: Evidence and Administration of an Oath. 15.Kitap: Kitab'ul Beyyinat ve't-Tahlif Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1676-1783)
    Book XVIMajalla/Book XVI ● Book 16: Administration of Justice by the Courts 16.Kitap: Kitab'ul Kazâ Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1784-1851)
    KaynaklarMajalla English Word text

    Dosya:ENG Ottoman Majalle (Civil Law).pdf

    The Journal of The Verdicts of The Justice
    g • t • d
    FRANSIZCA :Mecelle/Fransızca . Le Medjellé (ou « la Medjellé » ; en turc : Mecelle, de l'arabe مجلة / majalla), aussi appelé « le Code civil ottoman », était composé de 16 livres et entra en vigueur en 1876 . Bu çalışmanın internette sayısal kelime işlemci olarak ilk kez sunulmasının öncülüğü Eyüp Sabri Kartal'a aittir. Mecelle/Tercümeleri . Mecelle/RAPORT ADRESSÉ A S. A. LE GRAND-VIZIR .Mecelle/Fransızca/SECTION I. Mecelle/Fransızca/SECTION II Principes fondamentaux du Droit Sacré : Macelle/Fransızca/1+99
    Mevzuat/Fransızca (Lagislation Ottomane) . Dosya:Osmanlı mevzuatı Fransızca procsverbaldepa00oriegoog.pdf - Dosya:Mecelle Fransızca Majalla .pdf - Dosya:Mecelle Ftansızca legislation ottom02nikogoog.pdf . Dosya:Hello.pdf Bir sayfa -Dosya:Mecelle Fransızca Majalla .pdf - (Demetrius Nicolaides, Code Civil Ottoman, İstanbul 1881; G. Young, Corps de Droit Ottoman, Oxford 1906, VI, 169-446)
    • Girit üniversitesi taramalarında 6 basımıda mevcut [10] (lütfen bizim üniversitelere yuh falan demeyiniz.. Yazıklar olsun demeyiniz...
    TakdimDimitri Nikolaidi Takdimi - AVERTISSEMENT DE L'ÉDITEUR
    RapportMecelle/RAPORT ADRESSÉ A S. A. LE GRAND-VIZIR
    Section IMecelle/Fransızca/SECTION I
    MaximsMecelle/Fransızca/SECTION II : Principes fondamentaux du Droit Sacré : Macelle/Fransızca/1+99
    g • t • d
    MECELLE: Mecelle cemiyeti
    Başkan : Ahmet Cevdet Paşa
    Üyeler1) Filibeli Halil Efendi, 2) Seyfeddin İsmail Efendi, 3) Sirvanizâde Seyyid Ahmed Hulûsi Efendi, 4) Ahmed Hilmi Efendi, 5) Bağdatlı Muhammed Emin Efendi, 6) İbn-i Âbidinzâde Alâeddin Efendi, 7) Gerdankıran Ömer Hulûsi Efendi, 8) Şeyhülislâm Kara Halil Efendi, 9) İsa Ruhî Efendi, 10) Yunus Vehbi Efendi, 11) Abdüllatif Şükrü Efendi, 12) Ahmed Hâlid Efendi, 13) Karinâbadli Ömer Hilmi Efendi, 14) Abdüssettar Efendi
    OluşumuHanefî fıkhından muktebes bir medenî kanun vücuda getirmek için Celaleddin Devvanî’nin Def-i Mezâlim adlı eserinden mülhem olarak, şer‘î mahkemelerin yanı başında nizamiye mahkemelerinin bulunmasında bir mahzûr görmeyen Cevdet Paşa’nın muârızları ile olan mücâdelesi şöyle hulâsa olunabilir: Başta Fransa elçisi olmak üzere muârızları 1804 tarihli Fransız Medenî Kanunu’nun kabulüne taraftar idiler. Ticâret nazırı Kabulî Paşa Fransız Codé Civil’ini Türkçe’ye tercüme ettirerek tasdik için Meclis-i Vükelâ’ya getirmiş idi. Bu husûsun müzâkeresi için havâss-ı vükelâdan mürekkeb encümende Fuad Paşa’nın söylediği nutuktan, Şirvânî-zâde Rüşdi Paşa ile Cevdet Paşa tarafından gösterilen delîlleri dinledikten sonra, fıkıh kitaplarından muâmelâta dair, zamanın icaplarına uygun olan meseleleri toplayarak, Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliye namı ile bir kitap kaleme alınmak üzere Cevdet Paşa’nın reisliği altında memleketin değerli âlimlerinden müteşekkil bir ilim cemiyeti kurulmasına karar verilmiştir. İşte Mecelle Cemiyeti diye meşhûr olan ilim cemiyeti budur. Cevdet Paşa Mecelle’nin ehemmiyetinden bahsederken, bunun bütün nizamî mahkemelerde tatbik edildiğini, Kıbrıs’ta bile İngilizler tarafından mer‘î tutulduğunu, Bulgaristan Emâreti’nin teşekkülünde Bulgarların önce Mecelle’yi kendi lisanlarına tercüme ederek kanunlarına esas olarak aldıklarını söylemiştir.
    TarihçesiMecelle’nin mukaddimesi ile birinci kitabı olan Bey’ 1286’da, 2. kitabı olan İcâre 1286’da, 3. kitabı olan Kefâlet 1287’de hazırlanmış ve ertesi senenin Muharrem’inde irâdesi alınmıştır. Yine bu sene Mecelle’nin 4. kitabı olan Havâle hazırlanmış ise de, bu bâbdaki cemiyet mazbatası epeyce çetin müzâkerelere marûz kalmıştır. Bu mazbatanın Sâdaret makamına takdiminden 8 gün sonra Divan-ı Ahkâm-ı Adliye nezâretinden azlolunan Cevdet Paşa’nın cemiyetten uzaklaştırılmış bulunması yüzünden çalışmalar aksamış ve bu kitap ancak senenin sonlarına doğru padişahın tasdikına sunulmuştur. 1287 senesi Şevvâl’inde Mecelle’nin 5. kitabı olan Rehin hazırlanıp Sâdaret makamına gönderilmiştir. Cevdet Paşa azledilmeden önce bu kitap oldukça hazırlanmış ve yazdığı müsveddeler kısmen tebyiz edilmiş idi. Yalnız rehinin son bahisleri olan akdin hükümlerinde bir eksiklik kalıp kalmadığını hakkı ile tetkike vakit kalmadan reislikten ayrılması üzerine fıkıhta rehinin en büyük hükmü sayılan, merhûnun telefi halinde borcun sukuta uğrayacağının tasrihi unutulmuştur. Cevdet Paşa’nın azlinden sonra zayıf bir surette teşekkül eden cemiyetin 6. kitabı olarak hazırladığı Vedia evvelki kitaplara uygun düşmediğinden her taraftan yapılan itirazlar ve tenkitler üzerine Cevdet Paşa’yı tekrar iş başına getirmek zarureti hâsıl olmuş ve bunun yerine vedia meselelerini de bir bâb halinde ihtivâ eylemek üzere Emânât kitabı yazılmıştır. 1289 yılı başlangıcında 7. kitap olan Hibe ve 8. kitap olan Gasp ve İtlaf neşredilmiştir. Bu kitapların baskı işleri ile uğraşıldığı sırada Mahmud Nedim Paşa’nın sadâret makamına gelmesi üzerine Cevdet Paşa tekrar cemiyet başından alınarak, arzusu hilâfına, Maraş valiliğine gönderilmiş ve bu yüzden yine bu iş yarım kalmıştır. Maraş vilâyetinin ilgâsı üzerine, İstanbul’a dönen Cevdet Paşa, sadrâzam Midhat Paşa tarafından, Mecelle’nin hazırlanmasına memur edildiğinden Hacir-İkrâh-Şüf’a adlı 9. kitap kaleme alınmıştır. Midhat Paşa’nın bu işe karşı gösterdiği husûsî alâka dolayısı ile toplantı yeri Bâb-ı Fetvâ’dan Bâbıâli’ye nakledilmiş olması yüzünden, Cevdet Paşa kendisini daha serbest bir muhitte bulmuş ve bu devrede hazırlanan kitapları, ilk devredekiler gibi, mûcip sebeplere dayanmak ve asrın yenilik bakımından olan icapları gözönüne alınmak suretiyle kaleme alınmıştır. 9. ve 10. Kitaplar, ihtivâ ettikleri hükümler bakımından, çok zengindir. Bunlar Bâbıâli vasıtası ile değil, Şeyhülislâm Turşucuzâde Ahmed Muhtar Efendi vasıtası ile, doğrudan doğruya padişaha sunularak, tasdik ettirilmiş ve keyfiyet Bâbıâli’ye Meşihat Dâiresi tarafından bildirilmiştir.

    Şeyhülislâmın eski an’anede mevcut bulunan bu salâhiyetini 1293 Kanun-ı Esasî’si dahi teyit etmiştir. Meşrutiyet’in ikinci defa ilânından sonra da bu kanunun esaslı surette değiştirilen maddelerinden biri olan 29. maddenin son fıkrasında da “Şeyhülislâm muhtâc-ı müzâkere olmayan mevâddı doğrudan doğruya arzeder” kaydı vardır. Şeyhülislâmın yazılı olmayan hükümlerde imamların kavillerinden biri yerine diğerini koymak için “imam-ı müslimîn”e yapacağı arzın müzâkereye muhtac bir keyfiyet sayılmayacağı da âşikârdır.

    1291 senesinde 10. kitap olan Şirket bastırılmış ve 11. kitap olan Vekâlet ve 12. kitap olan Sulh ve İbrâ’ya ait çalışmalar bitirilmiştir. Akşehirli Hasan Fehmi Efendi’nin yeniden şeyhülislâm olması üzerine kitapları Bâbıâli vasıtası ile arzı usûlüne dönülmüş ise de bu 12. kitaba ait mazbata Sadâret’e takdim olunmadan Cevdet Paşa’nın âni olarak Yanya valiliğine tayin olunması sebebi ile çalışmaları yine yüz üstü kalmıştır. Mâmafih Yanya’ya gittikten sonra da Cevdet Paşa, gayr-i resmî olarak, bu cemiyetin işleri ile uğraşmıştır.

    Halbuki ikinci defa Maarif nazırlığına tayin olunduktan sonra bu husûstaki çalışmalarını az çok gevşetmiştir. Mâmafih Adliye nazırlığına ikinci defa gelen Cevdet Paşa’nın Mecelle’de bırakılan noksanı nezârete ilave olunan ticâret mahkemeleri dolayısı ile pek yakından hissetmesi ve usûl-i muhakemenin esaslı ve sâlim kaidelere raptının âcil bir ihtiyac halini alması üzerine, hukuk muhâkemesi usûlüne ait hükümleri de ihtivâ edecek olan Mecelle çalışmaları hızlanmış ve bu sırada cemiyetce tamamlanan ve 13. kitap olan İkrâr’ı Adliye nazırı unvanı ile imzalamıştır. 14. kitap olan Dâva 1293’te irâdeye sunulmuştur ve bunu 15. kitap olan Beyyinât ve müteâkıben 16. ve sonuncu olan Kazâ kitabı tâkip etmiştir. Bundan sonra cemiyet kasâme meselesi ile uğraşmış, mahkemelerce tatbikatta pek çok güçlüklere sebebiyet veren bu güç iş de irâdeye sunulan bir müzekkere ile sağlam esasa bağlanmıştır.

    Sultan Abdülhamid II.’in günden güne artan vehmi, cemiyete iştirâk edenlerin sayısı ne kadar az olursa olsun her toplantıyı endişe ile karşılaması yüzünden çalışmaları felce uğratmış ve Mecelle’nin 16. kitabından sonraki kitapların takdiminden vazgeçilmiştir.
    MütealalarElmalılı Hamdi Yazır, 1909 yılında kaleme aldığı Mehâkim-i Şer’iyye ve Hükkâm-ı Şer’ Kanunu ve Esbâb-ı Mûcibe Mazbatası’nda “kanun-ı medenîmiz” olan Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliye ve Mecelle Cemiyeti hakkında şunları söylüyordu: “(…) bu devirler içinde yalnız Mecelle Cem’iyyet-i Celîlesi’nin eser-i himmeti olan kanûn-ı medenîmiz, kuvve-i kazâiyyemiz nâmına bir vesîle-i ibtihâc teşkil edebilirdi. Cem’iyyet-i müşârun ileyhânın idâmesiyle teşkîlât-ı adliyemizin ikmâline kadar o himmete mürâcaat olunmuş olaydı, Osmanlılar bugün pek muntazam bir kuvve-i kazâiyyeye mâlik olurlardı.”
    Cevdet Paşa 1303 (h.) tarihinde 5. defa Adliye nazırlığına gelince, Mecelle işleri ile yeniden uğraşmaya imkân bulmuş ise de, eski arkadaşlarından yalnız Karin-abatlı Ömer Hilmi Efendi kalmış ve yeniden âzâ tayin edilenler ile cemiyet eski tecânüsünü kaybetmiştir. Nihâyet Bâb-ı Fetvâ’daki ictimâlar Abdülhamid II.’in vehimini arttırdığından Cevdet Paşa’ya yapılan itaptan ve Sadrâzam Said Paşa’nın padişahın arzusuna uygun mütâleası alındıktan sonra 26 Cemâziyelevvel 1306 tarihli irâde ile cemiyet ilgâ olunmuş ve Mecelle mesâisi resmen nihâyet bulmuştur.
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