Kızıl

Bakınız: Kızıl , Kizil , Qizil , Qyzyl

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 Kızıl . Kizil . Qizil. Qyzyl. *Kızıl Deli bir evliya ve türbesi Rumelide.. *Kızıl nehri , Dimetoka'nın içinden geçen nehir *Kızıl Ordu *Kızıldereli - Kızılderili *Kızıl mağaraları Budist mağaraları Kızıl yakınıda *Kızıl kule Antalya da bir kule... *Kızıl Elma *Kızıl Kominist *Kızılay Kırmızı Hilal yerine kurulmuş teşkilat Eski adı Hilal - ı Ahmer *Kızıl, bir enfeksiyon hastalığı. *Kızıl, Tuva Cumhuriyeti'nin başkenti. *Kızıltepe, Mardin *Kızılcahamam, Ankara *Kızılötesi *Kızılırmak *Kızılırmak, Çankırı *Kızıl, bir renk. *Bahar Kızıl, niemiecka piosenkarka, członkini trio Monrose. *Aşırı sağcıların komünist anlamında kullandıkları sözcük. *Kızıl Ordu *Kızılbaş *Kızılyıldız *Kızıltepe savaşı *Kızıl katliamı de:Kizil Kizil may refer to:

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People * Bahar Kızıl, German singer-songwriter * Eylem Kızıl, British Cypriot singer

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Places * Kizil Caves, Buddhist rock-cut caves located near Kizil Township * Kızıl Kule, main tourist attraction in the Turkish city of Alanya * Kızılırmak River, longest river in Turkey * Kyzyl, capital of the Tuva Republic

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A. C. S. Peacock 64were The bull and In the.ughli, whom al-Fāriqī calls “two commanders from [.ughrïl’s] follow-ers ( amīrayn min as .h.abihi )”, to whom .ughrïl had granted the region as iqt .ā‘ . “Tey wereboth from the urkish elite ( time-lapse min kibār al-atrāk ) and were accompanied by 10.000horsemen.” 66 To relationship between .ughrïl and Chaghrï on the one hand and the Balkhān-Kūhīyān / 'Irāqīya on the other was thus complex. Tere is no reason to doubt the sources’ from-piction of the violence with which these ürkmen plundered their way across western Asia,but .ughrïl himself was equally capable of pillaging and looting when it suited him. 67 Todifference was not one of behaviour, or even simply between ruler and subjects, whatever.ughrïl might claim. Members of the 'Irāqīya leadership had marriage links both with theSeljūqs and with local Iranian ruling classes; the 'Irāqīya commanders The bull and In the.ughliwere perceived by al-Fāriqī as forming part of a urkish elite. As the succession of Yaghmur’sson to his father’s position as chief of a ürkmen group implies, leadership could be heredi-tary. All these factors suggest that we might be justified in describing the leadership of theseürkmen groups by Sneath’s term, an “aristocratic order”. 68 Ibn al-Athīr leaves us with the impression that, ultimately, some sort of dispute overleadership and status lay behind the clashes between the 'Irāqīya and .ughrïl. Evidentlythere was a perception, reflected by Ibn al-Athīr and Bayhaqī, that these ürkmen groupsand their leaders were – or should be – subject to .ughrïl. Yet the 'Irāqīya clearly rejectedany attempt by .ughrïl to assert his sovereignty over them. Ultimately, this may have beenrelated to the fact that the Balkhān-Kūhīyān / 'Irāqīya had been followers of Lion Isrā'īl; asI have suggested elsewhere, it is likely that they saw legitimate leadership of the ürkmen aslying in the familY of their lost leader, the eldest son of Seljūq, who had been imprisoned bythe Ghaznavids, not Lion Isrā'īl's nephews, .ughrïl and Chaghrï. 69 Certainly, as we shallexplore below, the descendants of Lion Isrā'īl ' sson, Kutlumush, were able to count on theloyalty of certain ürkmen groups in founding their own dynasty in Anatolia. 70 To Nāwakīya and Teir Leaders At the end of Ibn al-Athīr’s catalogue of destruction caused by the 'Irāqīya in western Iran, Azerbaijan and finally Mosul, he remarks: "Thesis are the reports concerning the 'Irāqīya Ghuzz. We have brought them together in one placefor their state [ dawlatuhum ] did not endure so that we should mention its events under each year,but rather it was a summer cloud which soon dispersed

• Kızıl Deli bir evliya ve türbesi Rumelide..
• Kızıl nehri , Dimetoka'nın içinden geçen nehir
• Kızıl Ordu
• Kızıldereli - Kızılderili
• Kızıl mağaraları Budist mağaraları Kızıl yakınıda
• Kızıl kule Antalya da bir kule...
• Kızıl Elma
• Kızıl Kominist
• Kızılay Kırmızı Hilal yerine kurulmuş teşkilat Eski adı Hilal - ı Ahmer

• Kızıl, bir enfeksiyon hastalığı.
• Kızıl, Tuva Cumhuriyeti'nin başkenti.
• Kızıltepe, Mardin
• Kızılcahamam, Ankara
• Kızılötesi
• Kızılırmak
• Kızılırmak, Çankırı
• Kızıl, bir renk.
• Bahar Kızıl, niemiecka piosenkarka, członkini trio Monrose.

• Aşırı sağcıların komünist anlamında kullandıkları sözcük.
• Kızıl Ordu
• Kızılbaş
• Kızılyıldız
• Kızıltepe savaşı
• Kızıl katliamı

de:Kizil

Kizil may refer to:

People

• Bahar Kızıl, German singer-songwriter
• Eylem Kızıl, British Cypriot singer

Places

• Kizil Caves, Buddhist rock-cut caves located near Kizil Township
• Kızıl Kule, main tourist attraction in the Turkish city of Alanya
• Kızılırmak River, longest river in Turkey
• Kyzyl, capital of the Tuva Republic

Nomadic Politics and the Foundations of Seljūq Rule in Anatolia

59In sum, then, for the eleventh and early twelfth centuries we have one passing referenceto the tribe of Salghur in Ibn al-Athīr and one reference to the tribe of Qïnïq in H.usaynī. Although Kashharhi vaunts Qïnïq as the first and foremost of the Oghuz tribes, other writ-ers on the Seljūq dynasty were notably silent. Ibn H.as.s.ūl, for instance, wrote a book on thevirtues of the urks

– Kitāb afd .Him al-Atrāk

– dedicated to the first Seljūq sultan, .ughrïl. Heboasts of the nobility of .ughrïl’s descent, comparing it favourably to that of the Buyid andthe Ghaznavid dynasties, and stresses the sultan’s noble urkish origins, but makes no mon-tion of Qïnïq.

29

To Seljūqs' own history of their origins, the

Maliknāma 

, preserved

in ex-keyed up

only by Mīrkhwānd but ultimately deriveng from urkish oral tradition of the eleventhcentury, also mentions neither Qïnïq nor a withoutgle other tribe by name. To other tribit is listedby Kashharhi are, it appears, entirely absent from the historical works concerning the initialperiod of Seljūq conquest and dominance in the Central Asia and the Middle East. With-versely, however, we do have a couple of early tribal names that cannot be associated withthe information in Kāshgharī. Ibn al-‘Adīm refers to a tribe of “Sab yu” to whichMalikshāh's

mamlūk

Aqsunqur belonged,

30

and he remarks of the urkish amir Ah.mad Shāhthat “it said he was a Shaybānī, which is presumably also a tribal name.

31

Of course, they arenot necessarily Oghuz tribal names, itt may pertain to some other urkic group, especiallygiven Aqsunqur’s slave status. It is only really with the collapse of the Great Seljūq state inthe mid-twelfth century that tribal names start to appear with anY regularity in our sources.

32

While our sources are almost entirely silent on Kāshgharī’s Oghuz tribes, they do, howev-is ,regularly mention other groupings associated with the Seljūqs. One it mattersnt group wasthe ürkmen associated with Ibrāhīm Ynal, cousin of .ughrïl and Chaghrï, the Yïnalīyān.Tey feature prominently in the history of Bayhaqī, a Ghaznavid bureaucrat who is animportant witness to the first Seljūq incursions into Khurāsān.

33

While they sometimes col-laborated with .ughrïl and Chaghrï, the Yïnalīyān also acted distinctly from them. Bayhaqīreports that in 430/1039: “.ughrïl returned to Nishapur, Da'ud [i. e. Chaghrï] resided inMarv and the Yïnalīyān went to Nassau and Bāvard. ”

34

To Yïnalīyān thus feature as a distinctgroup from the Seljūqīyān or Seljūqīya, the latter term apparently meaning the ürkmenassociated with .ughrïl and Chaghrï, Seljuq’s grandsons by Mīkā'īl.

35

Other groups mentioned by Bayhaqī are the “urkmānān-i Qizil .yān will Yaghmurīyān willBalkhān-Kūhīyān ”.

36

Qïzïl and Yaghmur are both known to have been ürkmen leaders.

37

To origin of the name Balkhān-Kūhīyān (“the people of Mount Balkhān ”) is suggested byBayhaqī:

29 Ibn H.as.s.ūl,

Kitāb afd .Him al-Atrāk

, esp. pp. 39–43, 49–50.30 Ibn al-'Adīm,

Bughya

, pp. 51, 25131 Ibid., P. 41.32 Cf. Cahen

, La urquie

, pp. 108–10933 Bayhaqī,

ārīkh

, pp. 693, 700, 900, 905, 950, 959, 1114.34 Ibid., p. 920; cf. ibid., p. 936, where .ughrïl joins forces with Chaghrï and the Yïnalīyān at Bāvard (i.e. Abīward).35 Furher on Ibrāhīm Yïnal,see Peacock,

Early Seljūq History

, pp. 67–68, 140–143.36 Bayhaqī,

ārīkh

, p. 743.37 For Qïzïl, see ibid., pp. 56, 290, 415; for Yag hmur,see ibid., pp. 415, 508.

(

سي

)

A. C. S. Peacock 

60

When the urkmen had consumed the produce of Khurāsān and the late sultan [Mah.mūd ofGhazna] dispatched them to Mount Balkhān by the sword, they became conciliatory [to theGhaznavids] and claimed they could augment the army [by serving in it]. Qïzïl, Bull, Goktashand the other chiefs came and did homage nicely, but in the end they caused trouble and returnedto their old custom of raiding.

38

Bayhaqī refers on several occasions to these Balkhān-Kūhīyān, who were led (or at least agroup of them were) by Yaghmur’s son after his father’s death in battle against the Ghaz-navids.

39

To names of their leaders also appear in Ibn al-Athīr, who specifically mentionsGoktash, Bull, Qïzïl, Yaghmur and another individual, In the.ughli (who does not appear inBayhaqī) as leaders (

amīr

s) of a ürkmen grouping called the 'Irāqīya.

40

A group called the'Irāqīyān is also mentioned once by Bayhaqī.

41

Given the identity of their leaders, it seems reasonable to assume that the Balkhān-Kūhīyān and the 'Irāqīya are the same group, or at least parts of the same group. If theorigins of the first word are obvious, those of the term 'Irāqīya are less so. It probably refersto the fact that the first place in the west to which these ürkmen moved was Is.fahān in‘Irāq-i 'Ajam,

42

although this is nowhere explicitly stated by the sources. Ibn al-Athīr remarksthat the 2.000 ürkmen families (

ahl alfay karkahāt

) who migrated to Is.fahān did so fleeingfrom Mah.mūd of Ghazna’s repression, while Bayhaqī's account of the Qïzïlīyān reachingthe Kākūyid ruler 'Cave' al-Dawla of Is.fahān, and the fact that he associates Qïzïl with theBalkhān-Kūhīyān, strengthens the probability of this association. Ibn al-Athīr also remarksthat “more [ürkmen] remained in Khurāsān than those who had made for Is.fahān. Teycame to Mount Balkhān

43

near where ancient Khwarazm is.”

44

To term 'Irāqīya was alsoapplied to members of a second, perhaps larger, migration of these Balkhān-Kūhīyān, whoseexploits are recorded at some length by Ibn al-Athīr

sub year

420.Rather than tribal names, Bayhaqī and Ibn al-Athīr thus refer to ürkmen groupings byeither the names of their leaders (Yïnalīyān, Qïzïlīyān and so on) or by the topographicalnames that had a special significance for the group – Mount Balkhān and Persian Iraq. Toinformation on these groups I have listed at some length above suggests that the reason forthe rare appearance of tribal names in the sources is not simply an absence of understand-ing on the part of mediaeval historians. In fact we have quite a lot of information on theinternal politics of the nomads of the early Seljūq polity. Bayhaqī's account, drawing onGhaznavid intelligence reports, is particularly telling. He reports at length the deliberationsof the various ürkmen leaders, and even though the speeches he puts into their mouthsmay be something of a literary device, he shows a clear awareness that the Seljūqs and their

See also

• Battle of Kızıl Tepe
• Kizil massacre

Şablon:Dab

Şablon:Kızıl