Adobe Post 20190711 080718 — Majalla/English

D Şablon:Majalla bakınız .Portal:Mecelle. Majalla. Mecelle/English [1]
AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH (The Ottoman Courts Manual (Hanafi)) The Journal of The Verdicts of The Justice Mecelle/Dictionary ENG word .Mecelle/İngilizce/Düz metin Majalla 1. Sale (BUYU' 101-403 ). 2.Majalla/Book II BOOK II:Hire 404-611 . BOOK III: GUARANTEE

INTRODUCTION Definition and Classification of Turkic Jurisprudence MAXIMS OF TURKIC JURISPRUDENCE BOOK I BOOK II BOOK III BOOK IV BOOK V BOOK VI BOOK VII BOOK VIII BOOK IX BOOK X BOOK XI BOOK XII BOOK XIII BOOK XIV BOOK XV BOOK XVI

Mecelle/Fransızca Mecelle/Arabî Mecelle/Osmani Anadoluda hukuk bilinci

D Portal:Mecelle - Mecelle(Türkî) -Majalla (Eng) -Mecelle/English - Mejelle - המג'לה (İbranî) . MEDŽELLE (Bosnian) . Medjelle Meğelle Mecelle-'i Ahkâm-ı'Adlīye ,Majallah el-Ahkâm-ı-Adliya, مجلة الأحكام العدلية . Mecelle/Arabî - مجلة Mecelle/Arabi- Mecelle/Fihrist - Mecelle/Fransızca Kodifikasyon hareketleri .MKK/Düz Metin linkli

D Şablon:Mecelle/Mukaddime . MKK. 1.Kitap:Büyu' . 2.Kitap: .3.Kitap:. 4.Kitap:.5.Kitap:. 6.Kitap:. 7.Kitap:.8.Kitap:. 9.Kitap:. 10.Kitap:Şirket 11.Kitap. 12.Kitap:. 13.Kitap:.14.Kitap:İbra 15.Kitap:Dava KBVT. 16.Kitap:Kaza Mecelle/Resimler

D .
Son: İfade-i mahsusa - Mecelle Cemiyetinin mazbatasıdır osmanlıca Ahmet Cevdet Paşa...Son:MC/1 MC/2... MKK Mecellenin Külli Kaideleri.... KSVİ KİTÂBÜ'S-SULH VE'L-İBRÂ KİTÂBÜ'S-SULH VE'L-İBRÂ/Düz Metin..... Kitab-ı İkrar.... Kitab-ı Dava Kitab-ı Dava/Düz metin..... KBVT Kitab-ı Beyyinat ve Tehalif Şablon:KBVT... Kitab-ı Dava Şablon:Kitab-ı Dava.... Kitab-ı İkrar Şablon:Kitab-ı İkrar.... KBVT.... Kitab-ı Kaza Şablon:Kitab-ı Kaza Kitab-ı Kaza/Günümüz Türkçesiyle... Şablon:Kitâbü'l- vekalet Kitâbü'l-Vekâle..... KİTAB-I VEDİA züfer görüşlerine 5. kitapta yer verip tepki çekmesi üzerine mecelle'nin 6. kitabının hazırlandığı komisyondan birtakım entrikalarla uzaklaştırılır ve mecelle'nin en kötü kitabı da bu 6. kitaptır. bakarlar ki o'nsuz ellerine yüzlerine bulaştıracaklar, kendisini geri çağırırlar ve o kötü hazırlanan 6. kitap (kitab'ül vedia) toplatılır. Mecelle/Eleştiriler Mecelle/Mütealalar Mecelle/Mutealalar/Ebul Ula Mardin Mecelle cemiyeti Mecelle/Eşi sözlük seçmeleri MECELLE’NİN TA’DİL EDİLEN MADDELERİNİN İSLAM HUKUKU AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Mecelle/Günümüz Türkçesiyle İzah güzel Yetkin de çıkmış

Mecelle/Vecizeler Mecelle/BİBLİYOGRAFYA Mecelle/Hazırlanışı Mecelle/Mutealalar/Ebul Ula Mardin

ESK/Mecelle ESK/Mecelle/1-100 ESK/Mecelle/1-100/Kelime İzahlı Mecelle’nin üslûbu bir kânun kitabi olarak sâheserdir. Fesâhet ve belâgatla yazilmistir. Bilhassa basindaki 99 fikih kâidesinin çogu, dilimize ezberlenmesi kolay cümleler hâlinde girmistir. Bunlarda Ahmed Cevdet Pasanin akici ve düzgün ifâdesi hissedilmektedir. Fakat o devrin Türkçesi hakkinda ve o konularda bilgisi olmayanlar Mecelle’yi kolayca anlayamazlar. Mecelle’nin basindaki küllî (genel) kâidelerin çoğu, Islâm fakihlerinden Ibn-i Nüceym’in Esbah ve’n-Nezâir adli eseriyle Mecâmi Serhi’nden alinmistir. --- Mecelle/Fransızca Mecelle/Arabî

Osmanlıca Mecelle Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Osmanlıca Osmanlıca PDF mecelle

مجلة احكام عدلى Arapçası

Mecelle Esbâb-ı Mûcibe Mazbatası

Mecelle/Sadaretin Arzı ve İrade-i Seniyye

Mecelle/Mukaddime Majalla/Introduction Majalla/Part I

Mecelle'den seçme hükümler güzel medeni kanun hükümleri

Mecelle/Fransızca Mecelle/Rumca Mecelle/Boşnakça Mecelle/Osmani Mecelle/Türki Mecelle/Farisi Mecelle/Arabî Mecelle/English

• İddianame için: mütevatirin aleyhine Beyyine kabul olunmaz. Madde 73.md Hatası zahir olan zanna itibar yoktur

ŞERHLER:Mecelle şerhi Mecelle/Şerhleri MM hocası Atıf Bey şerhi - Archive org Atif bey mecelle Şerhi

Mecelle/VP Mecelle/WP Mecelle/WP Arabi

Mecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliye

Tafsili Mecelle İcmali Mecelle İzahlı Mecelle Mecelle Taramaları

Mecal Mecal-ı şahsi Mecellat Megillah [2] Ester Esther Aşir Aşur Aysu Esau Isaiah Book of Esther [3] Ester kitabı [4]) :Hz.Muhammed as hakkında haberler vardır. İbni Kesir Peygamber olduğunu söyler.

D . Mecelle/Şerhleri Ali Haydar Efendi , Dürerül-Hukkâm (Osmanlica) Haci Resid Pasa , Rûhul-Mecelle , Mes’ud Efendi (Kayseri Müftüsü ) Mir’atül-Mecelle (Arapça ) G. Snopian (Fransiz Yazar) , Code Civil Ottoman

D . 50. Md şablonu güzel. MKK. MKK1 . MKK/1-25.MKK/1-30.MECELLE. MC/Mukaddime MAKALE-İ ÛLÂ; İLM-i FIKHIN TARİF VE TAKSİMİ HAKKINDADIR . Definition of Jurisprudence: MC/1 . MC/2 . MC/3 . MC/4 . MC/5 . MC/6 . MC/7 . MC/8 . MC/9 . MC/10 . MC/7 MC/8 MC/9 MC/10 MC/11 MC/12 MC/13 MC/14 MC/15 MC/16 MC/17 MC/18 MC/19 MC/20 MC/21 MC/22 MC/23 MC/24 MC/25
MAKALE-İ SANİYE; KAVÂİD-İ FIKHİYYE BEYÂNINDADIR MC/2 - Bir işden maksad ne ise hüküm ona göredir. Yani bir iş üzerine terettüb edecek hüküm ol işten maksat ne ise ona göre olur.MC. 170, 769, 1240.; TMK. 1, 2, 3, 84, 114, 125.; TBK. 18, 20, , 41, 43, 48, 82, 83.; ZGB. 2., 3.; BGB. 157, 242, 932.; TCK. 45 MC/3 - Ukûdda itibar makâsıt ve maâniyedir, elfâz ve mebâniye değildir.MC. MC/262, MC/389, MC/648.; TMK. ı, 2, 3.; TBK ı, 18,25, 26, 154, 165, 178, 505.; MH. 314, Madde 4 - Şek ile yakin zâil olmaz.MC. MC/5, MC/6, MC/7, MC/8, MC/9, MC/10, MC/11, MC/12. Madde 5 - Bir şeylin bulunduğu hal üzere kalması asıldır.MC. MC/6, MC/10, MC/1685, MC/1776, MC/1777.; TMK IS Madde 6 - Kâdim kıdemi üzere zikrolunur.MC. MC/166, MC/1224, MC/1197.; MH. 48; TBK. 125 - 140. Madde 7- Zarar kadim olmaz.MC. MC/6 , MC/166, MC/1166, MC/1224; MH. 48.; TBK. 125 - 140. Madde 8 - Berâ'et-i zimmet asıldır.MC. MC/9, MC/612. Madde 9 — Sıfât-ı ârizada asl olan ademdir.MC/8, MC/332 Madde 10 — Bir zamanda sabit olan şeylin hilâfina delil olmadıkça bekâsıyla hükmolunur. MC MC/5, MC/1621, MC/1592. Madde 11 - Bir emr-i hâdisin akreb-i evkâtına izâfeti asıldır. MC MC/10, MC/5, MC/8; HUMK 299. Madde 12 - Kelâmda asl olan manây-ı hakîkîdir.MC. MC/13, MC/60, MC/61.; TMK ı, 2; TBK18. Madde 13 - Tasrih mukâbelesinde delâlete i'tibar yokdur.MC. MC/12, MC/772.; TBK. ı. 2:, HUMK. 234, Madde 14 - Mevrid-i nassda ictihâda mesâğ yoktur.MC. MC/15, MC/16, MC/167.; TMK. ı, 2; TBK 18. Madde 15 - Alâ hilâfi'l-kıyâs sâbit olan şey sâire makîsün-aleyh olamaz.MC. MC/14, MC/16. MC/1659. Madde 16 - İctihâd ile ictihâd nakz olmaz.MC. MC/14, MC/15.; TMK. 1; TCK. 44 Madde 17 - Meşakkat tesyîri celbeder.MC. MC/18, MC/19, MC/20, MC/205, MC/223, MC/396, MC/799.; TMK. 2 Madde 18 - Bir iş zîk oldukda müttesi olur.MC. MC/17. Madde 19 - Zarar ve mukâbele bi'z-zarâr yokdur.MC. MC/20, MC/25, MC/26, MC/27, 28, MC/29.; TMK. 41, 61, vd; Madde 20 - Zarar izâle olunur.MC. MC/19, MC/21, MC/22, MC/25, MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/30, MC/32, MC/998, MC/1201.; TBK 41 vd. Madde 21 - Zarûretler memnû' olan şeyleri mübah kilâr. MC. MC/22, MC/96, MC/97, MC/1007.; TBK. 52; TCK 49-50, 516/4. Madde 22 - Zarûretler kendi mikdarlarınca takdir olunur.MC.MC/21, MC/23.; TBK. 52; TCK. 49-50, 516/4 Madde 23 - Bir özür için câiz olan şey ol özrün zevâliyle bâtıl olur.MC. MC/22, MC/517. Madde 24 - Mâni' zâil oldukda memnû' avdet eder.MC. MC/19, MC/335, MC/345, MC/347, MC/372, MC/869, MC/870, MC/1647, MC/1653, MC/1654. Madde 25 - Bir zarar kendi misliyle izâle olunamaz.MC. MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/31, MC/965, MC/1141, MC/1288, MC/1312.; TCK 49-50, 516/4; TBK 52

D MKK/25-50 Madde 25 - Bir zarar kendi misliyle izâle olunamaz. MC. MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/31, MC/965, MC/1141, MC/1288, MC/1312.; TCK 49-50, 516/4; TBK 52 Madde 26 - Zarar-ı âmmı def için zarar-ı has ihtiyâr olunur. MC. MC/20, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/1325. Madde 27 - Zarar-ı eşedd zarar-ı ehaf ile izâle olunur. MC. MC/25, MC/26, MC/20, MC/902, MC/906, MC/1044, MC/1224, MC/1440.; TMK. 656, 661 vd. Madde 28 - iki fesâd te'âruz etdikde ehaffí irtikâb ile a'zamının çaresine bakılır. MC. MC/20, MC/25, MC/26, MC/27, MC/29, MC/902.; TMK. 656, 661 vd. Madde 29 - Ehven-i şerreyn ihtiyâr olunur. MC. MC/21, MC/22, MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/902.; TMK. 656, 661 vd. Madde 30 - Def'-i mefâsid celb-i menâfi'den evlâdır. Madde 31 -Zarar bi-kadari'l-imkân def olunur. MC. MC/28, MC/29, MC/30, MC/532, MC/533.; TMK. 656 ve 661. Bu maddede bahsedilen kıyas, İslâm Huküku'nun ana kaynaklarından birisidir. Bibliyografi Ali Haydar, Mecelle şerhi, 1/67, Ömer Nasuhi, Hukûk-l İslâmiye, 1/171, vd. Zeydan, age. sil. vd. Madde 32 - Hâcet umûmî olsun husûsî olsun zarûret menzilesine tenzîl olunur. Bey ' bili-vefânın tecvîzi bu kabîldendir ki Buhara ahâlîsinde borç tekessür etdikçe görülen ihtiyaç üzerine bu mu'âmele mer'iyyü'l-icrâ olmuştur. MC. MC/21, MC/118, MC/205, MC/213, MC/396, MC/420. Madde 33 - Iztırar gayrın hakkını ibtâl etmez. Binâen-alâ-zâlik bir adam aç kalıb da birinin ekmeğini yese ba'dehû kıymetini vermesi lazım gelir. MC. MC/400, MC/1007.; TCK: 49-50/4; TBK. 52 Madde 34 - Alması memnû' olan şeyin vermesi dahi memnû' olur. TCK 64 67 MC MC/35 tbk 50 Madde 35 - İşlenmesi memnû' olan şeyin istenmesi dahi memnû' olur. TCK 64-67.; TBK 50.; MC. MC/34, MC/1818. Madde 36 - Âdet muhakkemdir. Yani hükm-i şer'iyi isbât için örf ve âdet hakem kılınır. Gerek âmm olsun ve gerek hâs olsun. MC. MC/37, MC/38, MC/39, MC/40, MC/41, MC/42, MC/43, MC/44, 45, MC/230, MC/251, MC/291, MC/450, MC/460, MC/469, MC/574, MC/575, MC/576, MC/1340, MC/1790, MC/188, MC/354, MC/495, MC/555, MC/622, MC/829.; TMK. 1/1, 590/11, 592/281, 285, 420, 423. Madde 37 - Nâsın isti'mâli bir hüccetdir ki anınla amel vâcib olur. I'MK ı; MC. MC/36, MC/168, MC/389, MC/495. Madde 38 - Âdeten mümteni' olan şey hakîkaten mümteni' gibidir. MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/39, MC/40, MC/1589, MC/1629. Madde 39 - Ezmanın tegayyürü ile ahkâm'ın tagayyürü inkâr olunamaz. MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/40, MC/244, MC/326, MC/596, MC/1716. Madde 40 - Âdetin delâletiyle ma'ânîy-ı hakîkî terk olunur. MC. MC/12, MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/39, MC/61, MC/82, MC/912, MC/1584.; TMK ı, 2.; TBK. 18 Madde 41- Âdet ancak muttarid yâhut galip oldukda mu'teber olur. MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/39, MC/40, MC/42, MC/240.; TMK ı Madde 42 - İ'tibâr galib-i şâyi'adır, nâdire değildir. MC. MC/41, MC/987.; TMK ı; HUMK 238 Madde 43 - Örfe ma'rûf olan şey şart kılınmış gibidir. TMK 1; TTK ı; MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/41, MC/42, MC/461, MC/563, MC/596, MC/871 Madde 44 - Beyne't-tüccâr ma'rûf olan şey beynlerinde meşrût gibidir. MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/790, MC/1463.; TMK 1/1, 2; TBK 18 Madde 45 - Örf ile ta'yîn nass ile ta'yîn gibidir, MC. MC/43, MC/44, MC/527, MC/528, MC/816, MC/1498, MC/1499.; TMK ı Madde 46 - Mâni' ve muktazi teâruz etdikde mâni' takdîm olunur. Binâen-alâ-zâlik bir adam borçlusu yedinde merhûn olan malını âhara satamaz. MC. MC/337, MC/350, MC/397, MC/96-MC/1192, MC/590-MC/1725, MC/756-MC/1192-MC/747, MC/1192-MC/1197, MC/1598-MC/1601. Madde 47 - Vücudda bir şeye tâbi' olan hükümde dahi ana tâbi' olur. tılmış olur. MC. MC/48, MC/50, MC/236, MC/903.; TMK. 619-622 Madde 48 - Tâbi' olan şeye ayrıca hüküm verilmez. Meselâ bir hayvanın karnındaki yavrusu ayrıca satılamaz. MC. MC/47, MC/216, MC/224, MC/856.; TMK. 619-622 Madde 49 - Bir şeye mâlik olan kimse ol şeyin zarûriyyâtmdan olan şeye dahi mâlik olur. Meselâ, bir hâneyi satın alan kimse ana mûsil olan tarîka dahi mâlik olur. MC. MC/232, MC/1194 Madde 50 - Asıl sâkıt oldukda fer' dahi sâkıt olur. MC. MC/81, MC/661, MC/662, MC/1527, MC/1530

D MKK; MKK3 MKK/51-75

D. MKK/75-100. MKK/4

D Şablon:Majalla bakınız .Portal:Mecelle. Majalla. Mecelle/English [5]
AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH (The Ottoman Courts Manual (Hanafi)) The Journal of The Verdicts of The Justice Mecelle/Dictionary ENG word .Mecelle/İngilizce/Düz metin Majalla 1. Sale (BUYU' 101-403 ). 2.Majalla/Book II BOOK II:Hire 404-611 . BOOK III: GUARANTEE

INTRODUCTION Definition and Classification of Turkic Jurisprudence MAXIMS OF TURKIC JURISPRUDENCE BOOK I BOOK II BOOK III BOOK IV BOOK V BOOK VI BOOK VII BOOK VIII BOOK IX BOOK X BOOK XI BOOK XII BOOK XIII BOOK XIV BOOK XV BOOK XVI

Mecelle/Fransızca Mecelle/Arabî Mecelle/Osmani Anadoluda hukuk bilinci

Azerbaycan Cumhuriyetinin Mülk Mecellesi

Motivasyon_Etkinliği_-_Yazar_Hayati_İnanç_ile_"Mecelle_ve_Ahmet_Cevdet_Paşa" — Motivasyon Etkinliği - Yazar Hayati İnanç ile "Mecelle ve Ahmet Cevdet Paşa"

AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH
(The Ottoman Courts Manual)

BOOK 1. SALE.[]

INTRODUCTION

TERMS OF TURKIC JURISPRUDENCE RELATING TO SALE.[]

● 101. Offer is the statement made in the first place with a view to making a disposition of property and such disposition is proved thereby.

● 102. Acceptance is the statement made in the second place with a view to making a disposition of property. The contract becomes completed thereby.

● 103. Contract is what the parties bind themselves and undertake to do with reference to a particular matter. It is composed of the combination of offer and acceptance.

● 104. The conclusion of a contract consists of connecting offer and acceptance together legally in such a manner that the result may be perfectly clear.

● 105. Sale consists of exchanging property for property. It may be concluded or non-concluded.

● 106. A concluded sale is a sale in which there is a concluded contract. Such sales are divided into valid, voidable, executory, and conditional.

● 107. A non-concluded sale is a :

(1) It is a thing the benefit of which is lawful to enjoy;

(2) The other is acquired property.

Example:- A fish while in the sea is not of any specific value. When it is caught and taken, it becomes property of some specific value.

● 108. A valid sale, or a sale which is permitted, is a sale which is lawful both in itself and as regards matters incidental thereto.

● 109. A voidable sale is a sale which, while valid in itself, is invalid as regards matters incidental thereto. That is to say, it is a concluded sale in itself, but is illegal as regards certain external particulars.( See chapter Vll.)

● 110. A void sale is a sale which is invalid in itself.

● 111. A conditional sale is a sale which is dependent upon the rights of some third party, such as a sale by an unauthorised person.

● 112. An unauthorised person is a person who, without any legal permission, deals with the property of some other person.

● 113. An executory sale is a sale not dependent upon the right of any third person. Such sales aredivided into irrevocable and revocable sales.

● 114. An irrevocable sale is an executory sale to which no option is attached .

● 115. A revocable sale is an executory sale to which an option is attached.

● 116. An option means having the power to choose, as will be explained in the relevant chapter.

● 117. An absolute sale is a final sale.

● 118. A sale subject to a right of redemption is a sale in which one person sells property to another for a certain sum of money, subject to the right of redeeming such property, upon the price thereof being returned. Such a sale is considered to be permissible in view of the fact that the purchaser has a right to enjoyment of the property sold. It is also in the nature of a voidable sale inasmuch as the two parties have the right of cancelling the sale. Again, it is in the nature of pledge, in view of the fact that the purchaser cannot sell the property sold to any third party.

● 119. A sale with a right of usufruct is a sale subject to a right of redemption, the vendor having a right to take the property sold on hire.

● 120. Sales are also divided into four categories with reference to the thing sold:

1) Sale of property to another person for a price. This is the commonest category of sale and is consequently specifically called sale;

2) Sale by exchange of money for money;

3) Sale by barter; $ Sale by immediate payment against future delivery.

● 121. Exchange of money for money consists of selling cash for cash.

● 122. Sale by barter consists of exchanging one specific object for some other specific object, that is to say, of exchanging property for property other than money.

● 123. Sale by immediate payment against future delivery consists of paying in advance for something to be delivered later, that is to say, to purchase something with money paid in advance, thereby giving credit.

● 124. A contract for manufacture and sale consists of making a contract with any skilled person for the manufacture of any thing. The person making the article is called the manufacturer; the person causing the article to be made is called the contractor for manufacture, and the object made is called the manufactured article.

● 125. Property held in absolute ownership is anything owned absolutely be man and may consist either of some specific object or of an interest therein.

● 126. Property consists of something desired by human nature and which can be put aside against time of necessity. It comprises movable and immovable property.

● 127. Property of some specific value is spoken of in two senses. (1) It is a thing the benefit of which is lawful to enjoy;

(2) The other is acquired property.

Example:- A fish while in the sea is not of any specific value. When it is caught and taken, it becomes property of some specific value.

● 128. Movable property consists of property which can be transferred from one place to another. This includes cash, merchandise, animals, things estimated by measure of capacity and things estimated by weight.

● 129. Immovable property consists of property such as houses and land which are called real property and which cannot be transferred to another place.

● 130. Cash consists of gold and silver coins.

● 131. Merchandise consists of things such as goods and piece-goods other than cash, animals, things estimated by measure of capacity and things estimated by weight.

● 132. Things estimated by quantity are those things the amount of which is determined by any measure of capacity or of weight, or of number, or of length.

● 133. These articles repeat the measures of capacity etc. given in Articles 131 and 132 above.

● 134. These articles repeat the measures of capacity etc. given in Articles 131 and 132 above.

● 135. These articles repeat the measures of capacity etc. given in Articles 131 and 132 above.

● 136. These articles repeat the measures of capacity etc. given in Articles 131 and 132 above.

● 137. The expression 'possessing defined boundaries' refer to real property the boundaries and limits of which can be fixed.

● 138. undivided jointly owned property is property which contains undivided jointly owned shares.

● 139. An undivided jointly owned share is a share which extends to and includes every part of the jointly owned property.

● 140. By a particular species of thing is meant a thing in respect to which there is no disproportionate difference in so far as the component elements thereof are concerned.

● 141. A wholesale contract is a contract for sale en bloc.

● 142. Right of way is the right of passing over real property held in absolute ownership belonging to another.

● 143. The right of taking water is the right of taking a clearly defined and ascertained share of water from a river.

● 144. The right of flow is the right of discharging water and of letting water drip from a house to some place outside.

● 145. A common article is a thing the like of which can be found in the market without any difference of price.

● 146. A rare article is an article the like of which cannot be found in the market, or, if it can be found, is different in price.

● 147. Articles measured by enumeration and which closely resemble each other are those things in respect to which there is no difference as regards the price of each particular object. They are all in the nature of common articles.

● 148. Articles measured by enumeration and which are dissimilar from each other are those things is respect to which a difference in price exists as regards each particular article. They are all regarded as rare articles.

● 149. The fundamental basis or essence of sale consists of one piece of property being exchanged for another. Offer and acceptance are also referred to as the fundamental basis of sale, since they imply exchange.

● 150. The subject of sale is the thing sold.

● 151. The thing sold is the property disposed of, that is, the specific object specified at the sale and which constitutes the original object thereof, because enjoyment can only be had of specific objects, price being the means of exchanging property.

152. The price is the amount to be paid for the article sold, and entails liability to make payment.

153. The fixed price is a price mutually named and agreed upon by the two contracting partieswhether corresponding to the real value of whether more or less.

● 154 . The value is the real price of an article.

● 155. A priced article is a thing which is sold for a price.

● 156. A postponement of payment consists of putting off a debt to a definite date.

● 157. Payment by instalments consists of a postponement of payment of a debt in order that it may be paid at deferent and definite periods.

● 158. A debt is the thing which is proved to be owing.

Examples:-

(1). A certain sum of money lend to A and owed by him;

(2). A sum of money not immediately available;

● 159. A specific object is any which is definite and identified.

Examples:- A house; a horse; a chair; a heap of corn in existence; a sum of money. All these are specific.

● 160. The vendor is a person who sells property.

● 161. The purchaser is a person who buys.

● 162.The two parties to the sales are the vendor and the purchaser. They are also called the two contracting parties.

● 163. Rescission is setting aside and stopping a contract of sale.

● 164. Deceit is cheating.

● 165. Flagrant misrepresentation is representation which is practised with regard to no less than one twentieth in the case of merchandise; one tenth in the case of animals; and one fifth in the case of real property.

● 166. Time immemorial refers to that thing the origin of which is unknown to any person.

CHAPTER I. THE CONTRACT OF SALE.[]

SECTION I. FUNDAMENTAL BASIS OF SALE.[]

● 167. Sale is concluded by offer and acceptance.

● 168. In sale, offer and acceptance is made by the use of words commonly employed in the particular locality in making a contract of sale.(*) ( An explanation of a turkish word is not translated here as being of no significance to the English reader.) ● 169. The past tense is usually employed in offer and acceptance.

Example:-

(1). A vendor informs a purchaser that he has sold him a certain thing for one hundred piastres and the purchaser states that he has purchased it; or the purchaser states that he has bought a certain thing and the vendor afterwards states that he has sold such thing. The sale is concluded. In the first case the offer consists of the words "I have sold " and the acceptance of the words " I have purchased". In the second case the words " i have purchased" constitute the offer and the words "I

have sold " the acceptance.

(2). The vendor, instead of stating that he has sold, states that he has given a person something or has transferred the property in it to him, and the purchaser instead of stating that he has purchased states that he has agreed thereto or has accepted. A valid contract of sale is concluded.

● 170. A contract of sale may be concluded by employing the futurist tense if it imports the present: but if the future is meant, no sale is concluded.

● 171. If the future tense is used is the sense of a mere promise, such as the statement " I will buy" or " I will sell" no sale is concluded.

● 172. No sale is concluded by the use of the imperative mood, such as the expression"sell" or "Buy". But when the present tense is necessarily meant a sale may also by concluded by the use of the imperative mood.

Example:- A purchaser says to a vendor: " Sell me this article for so much money." No sale is concluded. But if the vendor says: "Take this article for so much money" and the purchaser replies saying : "I have taken it"; or if the purchaser says "I have taken it", and the vendor says, " take it" or " you may enjoy the benefit of it," a valid sale is concluded, the expressions 2take" or" enjoy the benefit of it" being equivalent to " I have sold" and " take it".

● 173. Offer and acceptance may be made by writing as well as by word of mouth.

● 174. A dumb person may make a valid contract of sale by making use of generally recognised signs.

● 175. The fundamental object of offer and acceptance being the mutual agreement of the parties, a sale may also be concluded by any conduct of the parties which is evidence of offer and acceptance. This is called sale by conduct of the parties.

Examples:-

(1) A purchaser without bargaining and without making any statement gives money to a baker andthe baker delivers bread to the purchaser. A contract of sale is concluded.

(2) A purchaser tenders money and takes a melon. The vendor remains silent. A contract of sale isconcluded.

(3) A purchaser wishes to buy corn. With this object in view he tenders five pounds to a cornmerchant asking the latter to tell him at what price he sells corn. The corn merchant replies that he sells corn at one pound per kile. The purchaser thereupon remains silent, and later asks for the corn and the corn merchant states that on the following day he will deliver it to him. In this case a contract of sale has been concluded, although there has been no offer and acceptance by the parties. So much so that if on the following day corn has gone up half a pound in price per kile, the vendor is bound to deliver at one pound. If, on the other hand, the price of corn has gone down, the purchaser cannot refuse for this reason to accept delivery at the original price.

(4). A purchaser asks a butcher to weigh him so much money's worth of meat from such and such a part. The butcher cuts the meat up and weighs it. A contract of sale has been concluded, and the purchaser cannot refuse to accept the meat.

● 176. If as a result of fresh bargaining after the conclusion of the contract, the price is changed, increased or decreased, the second contract is valid.

Example:- A contract is concluded for the purchase of an article for one hundred piastres. Later on fresh bargaining takes place and as a result the original hundred piastres is substituted for a gold piece of one hundred piastres, of for one hundred and ten piastres, or for one hundred and ten piastres or for ninety piastres. The second contract is valid.

SECTION II. AGREEMENT OF ACCEPTANCE WITH OFFER.[]

● 177. The acceptance of one of the two contracting parties must agree exactly with the offer of the other contracting party as regards the price or subject matter. Such party has no power to separate or divide either the price or the subject matter.

Example:-

(1) A vendor tells a purchaser that he has sold him certain cloth for one hundred piastres and thepurchaser agrees thereto. He is then obliged to take the whole of such cloth for one hundred piastres. He cannot claim to take the cloth or a half thereof for fifty piastres.

(2) A tells B that he has sold him two horses for three thousand piastres and B accepts. B must takethe two for three thousand piastres. He cannot take one of them for one thousand five hundred piastres.

● 178. It is sufficient if the acceptance agrees with the offer by implication.

Examples:-

(1). A vendor informs a purchaser that he has sold him certain property for a thousand piastres. The purchaser tells the vendor that he accepts for one thousand five hundred piastres. The contract of sale is for one thousand piastres. If the vendor, however, agrees to the increase of price at the time it is mentioned, the purchaser is bound to pay the additional five hundred piastres.

(2) A purchaser states that he has bought certain property for one thousand piastres. The vendor states that he has sold it for eight hundred piastres. A contract of sale has been concluded, and the two hundred piastres must be deducted.

● 179. If one of the two parties to a sale enumerates the prices of various articles, and proposes the sale of such articles en bloc and the other party accepts such offer, the latter may buy the whole lot for the whole price. If he does not do so, he may not divide up the lot and agree to buy any article he wishes at the fixed price.

Example:-

(1) A vendor states that he has sold two particular horses for three thousand piastres. The first onefor one thousand piastres and the second for two thousand piastres; or each of them for one thousand five hundred piastres. The purchaser can take the two for three thousands piastres. He cannot, however, take the one he prefers of the two for the fixed price.

(2) A vendor states that he has sold three pieces of cloth for one hundred piastres. The purchaserstates that he has bought one piece for one hundred piastres, or two pieces for two hundred piastres. No sale is concluded.

● 180. If one of the two parties to a sale enumerates the price of the various articles, and offers them for sale separately and the other party accepts the article he desires, at the fixed price, a contract of sale is concluded.

Example:- A vendor enumerates the prices of various articles for sale and repeats that he has sold them, this one for a thousand piastres and that one for two thousand piastres. In that case, the purchaser may accept one of the two for the fixed price and buy the same.

SECTION III. THE PLACE WHERE THE SALE IS CONCLUDED.[]

● 181. The place where the sale is concluded is the place where the parties meet together with a view to the conclusion of the sale.

● 182. Both parties posses an option during the meeting at the place of sale, after the offer has been made, up to the termination of the meeting.

Example:- One of the two parties to the sale makes an offer at the meeting place of the parties to the sale by stating that he has sold such and such property for a certain sum of money, or that he has bought such property, and the other party fails to state immediately afterwards that he has bought or has sold and some time later accepts at the same meeting. The sale is concluded, no matter how long the meeting may have lasted or how long the period between offer and acceptance may have been.

● 183. If one of the parties gives any indication of dissent after the offer and prior to acceptance, either by word or by deed, the offer becomes void and there is no longer any reason for acceptance.

Example:- one of the two parties to the sale, after stating that he has bought or that he has sold, occupies himself with some other matter, or discusses some other question. The offer becomes void, and thereafter the sale cannot be concluded by acceptance.

● 184. If one of the two parties to the sale makes an offer, but revokes such offer before the other party has accepted, the offer becomes void, and thereafter the sale cannot be concluded by acceptance.

Example:- A vendor states that he has sold such and such goods for so much money, but revokes such offer before the purchaser has accepted, and the purchaser later states that he has accepted such offer. No sale is concluded.

● 185. A renewal of the offer before acceptance cancels the first offer and its place is taken by the second offer.

Example:- The vendor states that he has sold such and such property for one hundred piastres, but before the purchaser has accepted, revokes the offer, and states that he has sold for one hundred and twenty piastres, and the purchaser accepts such offer. The first offer is of no effect, and the sale is concluded on the basis of one hundred and twenty piastres.

SECTION IV. SALE SUBJECT TO A CONDITION.[]

● 186. If a contract of a sale is concluded with an essential condition attached, both sale and condition are valid.

EXAMPLE:- A vendor sells subject to a right of retaining the thing sold until he has received payment of the price. This condition is no way prejudices the sale, but on the contrary is an essential condition of the contract.

● 187. In the case of a sale concluded subject to a condition of the object of which is to assure the due performance of the contract, both sale and condition are valid. Example:- A certain thing is sold subject to the condition that some other thing shall be pledged or that a certain individual shall become a surety. Both sale and condition are valid. Moreover, should the purchaser fail to observe the condition, the vendor may cancel the sale. The reason for this is that these conditions assure the handing over of the price, which is an essential condition of the contract.

● 188. In the case of a sale concluded subject to a condition sanctioned by custom established and recognised is a particular locality, both sale and condition are valid.

Example :- The sale of a fur subject to a condition that it shall be nailed to its place; or of a suit of clothes subject to the condition that they shall be repaired. In these cases the condition must be observed in carrying out the sale.

● 189. In the case of sale subject to a condition which is not to the benefit of either party, the sale is valid, but the condition is voidable.

Example:- The sale of an animal subject to a condition that it shall not be sold to a third party, or that it shall be put out to graze. In such a case the sale is valid, but the condition is of no effect.

SECTION V RESCISSION OF THE SALE.[]

● 190. The two contracting parties may, by mutual agreement, rescind the sale after the conclusion of the contract.

● 191. As in the case of sale, rescission is carried out by means of offer and acceptance. Example:- One of the two contracting parties states that he has rescinded or cancelled a sale and the other states that he has agreed thereto; or one of the parties tells the other to rescind the sale and the latter states that he has done so. The rescission is valid and the sale cancelled.

● 192. A valid rescission may also be effected by conduct which takes the place of offer and acceptance.

● 193. As in the case of sale, a meeting of the parties must take place in the case of rescission. That is to say, acceptance must be made known at the place where the offer is made. If this is done, and one of the contracting parties states that he has rescinded the sale, and the other party leaves without expressing his concurrence, or if one of the parties does anything which indicates dissent, the subsequent acceptance by the other is of no effect.

● 194. It is an essential condition that the thing sold should be in the possession of the purchaser at the time of the rescission. Consequently, if the thing sold is destroyed, the rescission is invalid.

● 195. If a portion of the thing sold is destroyed, rescission is valid as regards the remainder.

Example:- A vendor sells land he owns in absolute ownership, together with growing crops. After the crops have been reaped by the purchasers, the parties rescind the contract. The rescission is valid in so far as that part of the price concerning the land is concerned.

● 196. The loss of the price does not affect the validity of the rescission.

CHAPTER II. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE SALE.[]

SECTION I. Conditions affecting the subject matter of the sale and description.[]

● 197. The thing sold must be in existence.

● 198. The thing sold must be capable of delivery.

● 199. The thing sold must be property of some specific value.

● 200. The thing sold must be known to the purchaser.

● 201. The fact that the thing sold is known is ascertained by referring to its state and description which distinguish it from other things.

Example:- A specific quantity of red corn, or a piece of land bounded by specific boundaries. If these are sold, the nature thereof is known and the sale is valid.

● 202. If the thing sold is present at the meeting place of the parties to the sale, it is sufficient if such thing is pointed out by signs.

Example:- The vendor states that he has sold a particular animal. The purchaser sees that animal and accepts it. The sale is valid.

● 203. Since it is enough for the nature of the thing sold to be known to the purchaser, there is no need for any other sort of description or particularisation.

● 204. The thing sold must be the particular thing with reference to which the contract is concluded.

Example:- A vendor, pointing to a particular watch, states that he has sold it. Upon the purchaser accepting, the vendor is bound to deliver that identical watch. He cannot put that particular watch on one side and deliver another of the same sort.

SECTION II. Things which may and may not be sold.[]

● 205. The sale of a thing not in existence is void. Example:- The sale of the fruit of a tree which has not yet appeared is void.

● 206. The sale of fruit which is completely visible while on a tree is valid, whether it is fit for consumption or not.

● 207. The sale at one and the same time of dependent part which are connected together is valid. For example, in the case of fruit, flowers, leaves and vegetables, which do not arrive at maturity simultaneously, a portion thereof only having come out, that portion which has not yet arrived at maturity may be sold together with the rest.

● 208. If the species of the thing sold has been stated, and the thing sold turns out to be of another species, the sale is void. Example:- The vendor sells a piece of glass stating that it is a diamond. The sale is void.

● 209. The sale of a thing which is not capable of delivery is void. Example:- The sale of a rowing-boat which has sunk in the sea and cannot be raised, or of a runaway animal which cannot be caught and delivered.

210. The sale of a thing which is not not generally recognised as property or the purchase of property therewith is void. Example:- The sale of a corpse or of a free man, or the purchase of property in exchange for them is void.

● 211. The sale of things which do not possess any specific value is void.

● 212. The purchase of property with property which does not possess any specific value is voidable.

● 213. The sale of a thing the nature of which is not known is voidable.

Example :- A vendor tells a purchaser that he has sold him the whole of the property he owns for a certain sum of money, and the purchaser states that he has bought the same. The nature of the things bought by the purchaser, however, is unknown. the sale is voidable.

● 214. The sale of an ascertained, jointly owned undivided share in a piece of real property owned in absolute ownership prior to division, such as a half, a third or a tenth, is valid.

● 215. A person may sell his undivided jointly owned share to some other person without obtaining the permission of his partner.

● 216. The sale of a right of way, and of a right of taking water and of a right of flow attached to land and of water attached to canals is valid.

SECTION III. PROCEDURE AT THE SALE.[]

● 217. The sale of things estimated by measure of capacity, or by weight, or by enumeration, or by length, may be sold individuality or en bloc. Example :- A vendor sells a heap of corn, or a barn full of straw,or a load of bricks, or a bale of merchandise en bloc. The sale is valid.

● 218. If grain is sold in a specified vessel or measured in a measure, or by weighing it according to a fixed weight, the sale is valid, although the capacity of the vessel or measure, or the heaviness of the weight may not known.

● 219. A thing which may be sold separately may validly be separated from the thing sold. Example:- The vendor stipulates to retain a certain number of okes of the fruit of a tree that he has sold. The stipulation is valid.

● 220. The sale en bloc of things estimated by quantity on the basis of the price of each thing or part thereof is valid.

Example:- The sale of a heap of corn, a ship-load of wood, a flock of sheep, and a roll of cloth, on the basis of the price of each kile, or measure, or oke, or herd of sheep, or yard, is valid. ● 221. Real property may be sold by defining the boundaries thereof. In cases where the boundaries have already been defined, it may be sold by the yard or the donum.

● 222. The contract of sale is only valid in respect to the amount stipulated in the contract.

● 223. The sale of things estimated by measure of capacity, or by enumeration and which closely resemble each other and things estimated by weight, and which do not suffer damage by being separated from the whole, may be sold en bloc if the amount thereof is made known, whether the price is named in respect to the whole amount, or in respect to each individual unit. If on delivery the amount is found to be correct, the sale is irrevocable. If it is found to be shot, however, the purchaser has the option of cancelling the sale, or of purchasing the amount actually delivered for the proportionate part of the price. If more than the stipulated amount is delivered, the excess belongs to the vendor.

Examples:-

(1). A vendor sells a heap of corn said to be fifty kiles, at five hundred piastres, or, on the basis of fifty kiles,at ten piastres a kiles. If the amount delivered is correct, the sale is irrevocable. If forty-five kiles only are delivered, the purchaser has an option of cancelling the sale, or of taking forty-five kiles for four hundred and fifty piastres. If fifty-five kiles are delivered, the kiles in excess belong to the vendor.

(2). A basket of eggs said to contain one hundred is sold for fifty piastres, or at twenty paras for each egg. if it turns out on delivery that there are only ninety eggs, the purchaser has an option of cancelling the sale or of taking the ninety eggs for forty-five piastres. If one hundred and ten are delivered, the ten eggs remaining over belong to the vendor.

(3). A barrel of oil is sold as containing one hundred okes. The principle explained above applies.

● 224. In the case of the sale of a whole amount of things estimated by weight which suffer by being separated from the whole, the price of the whole amount only being named, the purchaser has the option of cancelling the sale on delivery, if the amount proves to be short, or of taking the portion delivered for the price fixed for the whole. If more than the amount is delivered, it belongs to the purchaser and the vendor has no option in the matter.

Example:- a Diamond stated to be five carat is sold for twenty thousands piastres. It turns out to be four and a half carat. The purchaser has the option of rejecting the diamond, or of taking the stone for twenty thousand piastres. If it turns out to be five and a half carat, the purchaser can have it for twenty thousand piastres, the vendor having no option in the matter.

● 225. In the case of the sale of a whole amount of things estimated by weight which suffer damage by being separated from the whole, stating the amount thereof and the price fixed for parts or portions thereof, the purchaser has a option on delivery, if the amount delivered turns out to be less or more, of cancelling the sale, or of taking the amount delivered on the basis of the price fixed for the parts and portions thereof. Example:- A copper brazier said to weigh five okes is sold at the rate of forty piastres per oke. If it turns out to weigh either four and a half or five and a half okes, the purchaser has two options. He can either decline to accept the brazier, or, if it weighs four and a half okes he can purchase it for one hundred and eighty piastres, and if it weighs five and a half okes, he can purchase it for two hundred and twenty piastres.

● 226. In the case of the sale of a whole amount of things estimated by measure of length, whether land, goods, or similar things on the basis of the price for the whole amount, or of the price per yard, they are dealt with in both cases as in the case of things estimated by weight which suffer damage by being separated from the whole. Goods and articles such as linens and woollens which do not suffer damage by being cut and separated, are treated in the same manner as things estimated by measure of capacity.

Examples:-

(1). A piece of land said to measure one hundred yards is sold for one thousand piastres. It turns out to measure ninety-five yards only. The purchaser has an option of leaving it or of buying it for one thousand piastres. If it turns out to be larger, the purchaser can take the whole piece for one thousand piastres.

(2). A piece of cloth said to measure eight yards is sold for four hundred piastres with a view to being made up into a suit of clothes. It turns out to measure seven yards only. The purchaser has an option of leaving it or buying it for four hundred piastres. If it turns out to measure nine yards, the purchaser can take the whole piece for four hundred piastres.

(3). A piece of land said to measure one hundred yards is sold at the rate of ten piastres per yard. If it turns out to measure ninety-five or one hundred and five yards, the purchaser has an option of leaving it, or, if it turns out to be ninety-five yards, of buying it for nine hundred and fifty piastres, or if it turns out to be one hundred and five yards, of buying it for one thousand and fifty piastres.

(4). Some cloth said to measure eight yards is sold at the rate of fifty piastres per yard with a view to being made up into suit of clothes. If it turns out to measure seven or nine yards, the purchaser has an option of either rejecting it or, if it turns out to be seven yards, of buying it for three hundred and fifty piastres, and if it turns out to be nine yards of buying it for four hundred and fifty piastres.

(5). If a whole piece of cloth, however, said to measure one hundred and fifty yards is sold for seven thousand five hundred piastres, or at the rate of fifty piastres per yard, the purchaser has the option of cancelling the sale or of taking the hundred and forty yards for seven thousand piastres. If it turns out to be more, the balance belongs to the vendor.

● 227. In the event of the sale of things estimated by enumeration and which are dissimilar from each other, the price of the whole amount only named and the number of such things is found to be exact on delivery, the sale is valid and irrevocable. If the number is greater or smaller, however, the sale is voidable in both cases. Example:- A flock of sheep said to contain fifty head of sheep is sold for two thousand five hundred piastres. If on delivery the flock is found to consist of forty-five or fifty-five sheep, the sale is voidable.

● 228. In the event of the sale of a portion of a whole amount of things estimated by enumeration, and which are dissimilar from each other, stating the amount thereof, and a price calculated at so much per piece or per unit, and on delivery the number is found to be exact, the sale is irrevocable. If the number is found to be smaller, the purchaser has the option of leaving the things or of taking them for the proportionate share of the fixed price. If more than the stated number are delivered, the sale is voidable.

Example:- A flock of sheep said to consist of fifty is sold at the rate of fifty piastres per head. If it turns out to consist of forty-five head of sheep, the purchaser has the option of leaving them or of buying the forty-five head of sheep for two thousand two hundred and fifty piastres. If it turns out to be fifty-five head of sheep, the sale is voidable.

● 229.The purchaser, after having taken delivery of the thing sold, loses the option of cancelling the sale conferred upon him by the preceding Articles, if he knew that less than the stipulated amount had in fact been delivered.

SECTION IV. MATTERS INCLUDED BUT NOT EXPLICITLY MENTIONED IN THE SALE.[]

● 230. The sale includes everything which by local custom is included in the thing sold, even though not specifically mentioned. Example:- In the case of the sale of a house, the kitchen and the cellar are included; and in the event of the sale of an olive grove, the olive trees are included, even though not specifically mentioned. The reason for this is that the kitchen and cellar are appurtenances of the house, and the olive grove is so called because it is a piece of land containing olive trees. A mere piece of land, on the other hand, is not called an olive grove.

● 231. Things which are considered to be part of the thing sold, that is to say, things which cannot be separated from the thing sold, having regard to the object of the purchase, are included in the sale without being specifically mentioned.

Example:- In the case of the sale of a lock, the key is included; and in the case of the sale of a milch cow, the sucking calf of such cow is included in the sale without being specifically mentioned.

● 232. Fixtures attached to the thing sold are included in the sale, even though not specifically mentioned.

Example:- In the event of a sale of a large country house, things which have been fixed or constructed permanently, such as locks which have been nailed, and fixed cupboards and divans, are included in the sale. Similarly, the garden included in the boundaries of the house, together with the paths leading to the public road or to a blind alley are included in the sale, even though this was not specifically stated at the time the bargain was concluded.

● 233. Things which are neither appurtenances or permanent fixtures attached to the thing sold, and things which are not considered to be part of the thing sold, or things which are not by reason of custom included in the thing sold, are not included in the sale unless they are specifically mentioned at the time the sale was concluded. But things which by reason of local custom go with the thing sold, are included in the sale without being specifically mentioned. Example:- In the case of the sale of a house, things which are not fixtures, but have been placed so that they may be removed, such as cupboards, sofas and chairs, are not included in the sale unless specifically mentioned. And in the event of the sale of an orchard or a garden, flower pots, and pots for lemons and young plants which have been planted with a view to their removal elsewhere, are not included in the sale, unless specifically mentioned. Similarly when land is sold, the growing crops, and when trees are sold, the fruit thereof, are not included in the sale, unless some special stipulation to that effect was made at the time the bargain was concluded. But the bridle of the riding horse and the halter of a draught horse are included in the sale although not specifically mentioned, in places where such is the custom.

● 234. The thing included in the sale as being attached thereto is not a part of the price of such sale.

Example:- If the halters of draught horses are stolen before the delivery thereof, there is no necessity to deduct anything from the fixed price.

●235. Things comprised in any general expressions added at the time of the sale are included in the sale.

Example:- The vendor states that he has sold a particular house " with all rights ". Any right of way, or right of taking water, or right of flow attaching to the house are included in the sale.

●236. Any fruit or increase occurring after the conclusion of the contract and before the delivery of the thing sold belong to the purchaser.

Example:-

(1). In the case of the sale of a garden, any fruit or vegetables that are produced before delivery belong to the purchaser.

(2). Where a cow has been sold, a calf born before delivery of the cow becomes the property of the purchaser.

CHAPTER III. MATTERS RELATING TO PRICE.[]

SECTION I. NATURE OF AND CIRCUMSTANCES AFFECTING PRICE.[]

● 237. The price must be named at the time of the sale. Consequently, if the price of the thing sold is not mentioned, the sale is voidable.

● 238. The price must be ascertained.

● 239. The price is ascertained by being seen, if it is visible. If not, it is ascertained by stating the amount and description thereof.

● 240. If the price is stated to be so many gold coins in a locality in which different types of gold coins are in circulation, without stating the particular type of gold coin, the sale is voidable. The same rules applies to silver coins.

● 241. If the price is stated in piastres, the purchaser can give any type of coin he likes, provided that the circulation thereof is not forbidden.

● 242. When a contract is drawn up expressing the nature of the price, payment must be made in whatever kind of currency is mentioned.

Example:- A contract is made for payment in Turkish, English, or French pounds, or in pieces of twenty medjidies each, or in dollars. Payment must be made in whatever currency is stipulated. ● 243. Anything produced at the time of the conclusion of the contract cannot be regarded as determining the nature of the price.

Example:- A purchaser shows a gold piece of one hundred piastres which he has in his hand, and states that he has bought such and such a piece of property with that particular gold coin. The vendor agrees to sell. The purchaser is not obliged to give that particular gold coin itself, but may substitute for it another gold piece of one hundred piastres of the same type.

● 244. Fractions of coins may be given instead of a particular type of coinage. In this case, however, local custom must be followed.

Example:- A bargain is concluded for payment by medjidies of twenty piastres. Payment may also be made with pieces of ten and five. But in view of custom now prevailing in constantinople, fraction of pieces of forty and two may be given instead of pieces of twenty.

SECTION II. SALE SUBJECT TO PAYMENT AT A FUTURE DATE.[]

● 245. A valid sale may be concluded in which payment of the price is deferred and is made by instalments.

● 246. In the event of deferment and payment of the price by instalments, the period thereof must be definitely ascertained and fixed.

● 247. if a bargain is concluded with a promise for payment at some definite future date which is fixed by two contracting parties, such as in so many days, or months, or years time, or the 26th October next, the sale is valid.

● 248. If a bargain is concluded stipulating for payment at a time which is not clearly fixed, such as "when it rains " the sale is voidable.

● 249. If a bargain is concluded whereby credit is given for an undefined period, payment becomes due within one month.

● 250. The time agreed upon for deferred payment, or payment by instalments, begins to run from the time the thing sold is delivered. Example:- Goods are sold to be paid for in a year's time. The vendor after keeping them for a year, delivers them to the purchaser. The money must be paid after a period of one year from the date of delivery, that is, upon the expiration of precisely two years from the the time of the sale.

● 251. An unconditional sale is concluded with a view to payment forthwith. But in places where by custom an unconditional sale is concluded for payment by some definite date, or by instalments, payment becomes due on the date in question. Example:- A purchases a thing from the market without stipulating as to whether payment is to be made forthwith or whether purchased on credit. Payment must be made forthwith. But where by local custom the whole or a part of the price is payable at the end of a week or month, such custom must be observed.

CHAPTER IV. POWER TO DEAL WITH THE PRICE AND THE THING SOLD AFTER THE SALE.[]

SECTION I. RIGHT OF VENDOR TO DISPOSE OF THE PRICE AND OF THE PURCHASER TO DISPOSE OF THE THING SOLD AFTER THE CONCLUSION OF THE CONTRACT AND PRIOR TO DELIVERY.[]

● 252. The vendor has a right to dispose of the price of the thing sold before receiving the same.

Example:- A person who has sold property, of his own can transfer the price thereof to meet a debt.

● 253. If the thing sold is real property, the purchaser can sell such real property to another person before taking delivery thereof. He may not, however, sell movable property.

SECTION II. INCREASE AND DECREASE IN THE PRICE AND IN THE THING SOLD AFTER THE CONCLUSION OF THE CONTRACT.[]

● 254. The vendor may increase the amount of the thing sold after the conclusion of the contact. If the purchaser agrees to such increase at the meeting place of the parties, he has a right to insist upon such increase and the vendor may not go back upon his offer. An Acceptance by the purchaser after the meeting, however, is invalid.

Example:- A bargain is concluded for the purchase of twenty melons at twenty piastres. The vendor states that he has given five more. If the purchaser accepts at the meeting, he has the right of taking twenty-five melons for twenty piastres. If he fails to accept at the meeting however, but seeks to accept subsequently, the vendor cannot be obliged to give the additional number.

● 255. The purchaser may increase the fixed price after the conclusion of the sale. If the vendor accepts such increase at the meeting where the offer is made, he has the right to insist upon such increase and the purchaser may not go back upon his offer. If the vendor accepts after the meeting, however, such acceptance is invalid.

Example:- A bargain is concluded for the sale of an animal for one thousand piastres. After the conclusion of the sale, the purchaser states that he has added an additional two hundred piastres. If the vendor accepts at the meeting where the offer is made, he must pay one thousand two hundred piastres for the animal. If the vendor fails to accept at the meeting, however, but signifies his acceptance later, the purchaser cannot be forced to pay the additional two hundred piastres which he has undertaken to give.

● 256. The vendor may validly deduct a portion of the fixed price after the conclusion of the contract.

Example:- A bargain is concluded for the sale of certain property for one hundred piastres. Later, the vendor states that he has deducted twenty piastres. He can only obtain eight piastres for the property in question.

● 257. Any increase made by the vendor in thing sold and by the purchaser in the fixed price, or any decrease on the part of the vendor of the fixed price after the conclusion of contract becomes a part of the original contract. That is to say, such increase or decrease is contemplated as having been part of the original contract at the time such contract was concluded.

● 258. If the vendor increases the thing sold after the conclusion of the contract, the increase becomes part of the fixed price. Example:-

(1). A vendor adds two water melons to the eight water melons which he has sold for ten piastres. The purchaser agrees and the ten water melons are sold for ten piastres. If the two water melons are destroyed before delivery, the price thereof is deducted from the total price and the vendor can only demand eight piastres for the eight water melons.

(2). A vendor sells a piece of land measuring one thousand yards for ten thousand piastres. After the sale he adds one hundred yards, to which the purchaser agrees. If a person claiming a right of pre-emption comes forward, he can take the whole amount represented by the ten thousand piastres, that is to say, one thousand on hundred yards.

● 259. If the purchaser increases the fixed price after the conclusion of the contract, the sum total of the fixed price together with the increase becomes the corresponding value of the thing sold in respect to the two contracting parties. Example :- A purchaser buys a piece of real property held in absolute ownership for ten thousand piastres. Before taking delivery he adds five hundred piastres, to which the vendor agrees. The price of the real property in question is ten thousand five hundred piastres. If a person who is entitled to such property comes forward, proves his case, obtains judgement, and takes possession of the real property in question, the purchaser is entitled to claim the sum of ten thousand five hundred piastres from the vendor. If a person claiming a right of pre-emption to such real property comes forward, such person can take the real property in question for ten thousand piastres, but the vendor cannot claim the five hundred piastres subsequently added from the person claiming the right of pre-emption, because such person's right is based upon the fixed price in the original contract, the subsequent increase to the original contract, the subsequent increase to the original contract affecting the contracting parties only and in no way invalidating such person's claim.

● 260. If the vendor reduces the price of the thing sold after the conclusion of the contract, the remainder of the fixed price is the corresponding value of the whole of the thing sold. Example:- A piece of real property held in absolute ownership is bought for ten thousand piastres. The vendor deducts one thousand piastres. The price of the real property is question is nine thousand piastres. Consequently, If a person claiming a right of pre-emption comes forward, he may take such property for nine thousand piastres.

● 261. The vendor may deduct the whole of the price of the thing sold before delivery, but this is not part of the original contract.

Example:- The vendor sells a piece of real property held in absolute ownership for ten thousand piastres. Prior to delivery he forgoes the price thereof altogether. A person claiming to have a right of pre-emption may take such property for ten thousand piastres. He may not claim to take it for nothing.

CHAPTER V. GIVING AND TAKING DELIVERY.[]

SECTION I. PROCEDURE ON GIVING AND TAKING DELIVERY.[]

●262. Taking delivery is not an essential condition of sale. After the conclusion of the contract, however, the purchaser must first deliver the price to the vendor, and the vendor is then bound to deliver the thing sold to the purchaser.

●263. The thing sold must be delivered in such a way that the purchaser may take delivery thereof without hindrance. The vendor must give permission for such delivery.

●264. As soon as the thing sold has been delivered, the purchaser is considered to have taken delivery thereof.

●265. The method of delivery differs, according to the nature of the thing sold.

●266. If the purchaser in on a piece of land, or in any field, or if the purchaser sees such land or fields from near by, any permission given by the vendor to take delivery thereof, is considered to be delivery.

●267. If land is sold upon which crops are growing, the vendor must clear the land of such crops by reaping them or by pasturing animals thereon.

●268. In the event of delivery of a tree bearing fruit, such fruit must first be gathered and the tree then handed over by the vendor.

●269. If fruit is sold while upon a tree, and the vendor gives permission to the purchaser to pick such fruit, delivery thereof has been effected.

● 270 If the purchaser is within any real property, such as a house or an orchard, which can be closed by locking, and is informed by the vendor that the latter has delivered such real property to him, delivery thereof has been effected. If he is outside such property, and the purchaser is so near thereto that he could immediately lock the same, delivery thereof is effected by the vendor merely stating that he has made delivery. If he is not in such close proximity to such property, however, delivery is effected after the expiration of such time as is necessary for him to arrive and enter therein.

● 271. Delivery of real property which can be locked is effected by handing over the key.

● 272. Delivery of an animal is taken by seizing it by the head or by the ear or by the halter. Delivery of such animals may also be given by the vendor merely pointing to them and giving permission for them to be taken, if they are in such a place that the purchaser can take delivery thereof without inconvenience.

● 273. Delivery of things estimated by measure of capacity, or by weight, may be given by placing them in a cover or receptacle prepared by order of the purchaser.

● 274. Delivery of articles of merchandise is effected by placing them in the hands of the purchaser or by placing them beside him, or, if they are exposed to view, by pointing to them and giving him permission to take them.

● 275. Delivery of things sold en bloc and kept in a locked place, such as a store or box, is effected by giving the key to the purchaser and giving him permission to take them.

Example:- A store full of corn or a box of books is sold en bloc. Delivery of things sold is effected by handing over the key.

● 276. If the purchaser takes delivery of the things sold and the vendor, seeing this, makes no objection, permission to take delivery is given.

● 277. If the purchaser takes delivery of the thing sold without paying the price and without the permission of the vendor, such taking delivery is invalid. But if the thing sold is taken by the purchaser without permission and is destroyed or damaged while in his possession, such taking delivery is invalid.

SECTION II. RIGHT OF RETENTION OVER THE THING SOLD.[]

● 278. In the case of a sale for immediate payment, the vendor has a right of retaining the thing sold until the price is fully paid by the purchaser.

● 279. If the vendor sells various articles en bloc, the whole of the things sold may be retained until the full price has been paid, even though a separate price has been stated for each article.

● 280. The fact that a pledge or a guarantor has been furnished by the purchaser does not invalidate the vendor's right of retention.

● 281. If the vendor gives delivery of the thing sold without receiving the price, he loses his right of retention. He cannot ask for the return of the thing sold in order to hold it until payment of the price is made.

● 282. If the vendor transfers the right of receiving the price of the thing sold from the purchaser to some other person, he loses his right of retention. In this case, the thing sold must be delivered to the purchaser forthwith.

● 283. In the case of a sale on credit, there is no right of retention on the part of the vendor. He must deliver the thing sold to the purchaser forthwith in order to receive payment on due date.

● 284. Should the vendor postpone payment of the price after having sold for immediate payment, he loses his right of retention. He must hand the thing sold to the purchaser forthwith in order to receive payment on due date.

SECTION III. THE PLACE OF DELIVERY.[]

● 285. In an unconditional contract the thing sold must be delivered at the place where it was when the sale was concluded.

Example:- A sells wheat at Tekfur Dagh to B in Constantinople. A delivers the wheat in Tekfur Dagh. He cannot be forced to deliver the wheat in Constantinople.

● 286. If at the time of the sale the purchaser did not know where the thing sold was, but received information thereof after the conclusion of the contract, he has an option. He may either cancel the sale, or take delivery of the thing sold at the place where it was at the time the sale was concluded.

● 287. Property sold with a condition for delivery at a given place must be delivered at that place.

SECTION IV. EXPENSES CONNECTED WITH DELIVERY.[]

● 288. Expenses connected with the price fall upon the purchaser.

Example:- Fees in connection with money-changing, such as counting and weighing the money, fall upon the purchaser.

● 289. Expenses connected with the delivery of the thing sold fall upon the vendor.

Example:- Fees of measurers and weighers must be borne by the vendor.

● 290. Any charges connected with things sold en bloc must be borne by the purchaser. Examples:(1). If grapes in an orchard are sold en bloc, the purchaser must gather them.

(2). If a store full of corn is sold en bloc, the purchaser must take such corn away from the store.

● 291. In the case of things sold which are loaded upon animals, such as wood and charcoal, the question of transport to the house of the purchaser is decided in accordance with local custom.

● 292. The cost of drawing up contracts and written instruments falls upon the purchaser. The vendor, however, must declare the sale and attest the same in Court.

SECTION V. DESTRUCTION OF THE THING SOLD.[]

● 293. If the thing sold is destroyed while in the possession of the vendor prior to delivery, no liability attaches to the purchaser, and the loss must be borne by the vendor.

● 294. If the thing sold is destroyed after having taken delivery, no liability attaches to the vendor, and the loss must be borne by the purchaser.

● 295. If the purchaser dies bankrupt after having taken delivery of the thing sold, but without having paid the price, the vendor cannot demand the return of the thing sold, but becomes one of the creditors.

● 296. If the purchaser dies bankrupt before the delivery of the thing sold and payment of the price, the vendor has a right of retaining the thing sold until payment has been made from the estate of the purchaser. Thus, the thing sold is disposed of by the Court and if the sum realised is sufficient, the amount due to the vendor is paid in full, any surplus being paid to the other creditors. If less that the sum due to the vendor is realised, the full amount thereof is paid to the vendor, and the balance still remaining due is deducted from the estate of the purchaser.

● 297. If the vendor dies bankrupt after having received the price, but without having delivered the thing sold to the purchaser, such thing remains in the possession of the vendor on trust. Thus, the purchaser takes the thing sold, and the other creditors cannot intervene.

SECTION VI. SALE ON APPROVAL AND SUBJECT TO INSPECTION.[]

● 298. If property bought on approval as to price, that is to say, property the price of which has been fixed, is delivered to the purchaser and while in his possession is destroyed or lost, the price thereof must be paid to the vendor, if it is in the nature of a thing the like of which cannot be found in the market. If it is a thing the like of which can be found in the market, a similar article must be given to the vendor. If the price has not been fixed, however, it is considered to be in the possession of the purchaser on trust, and if it is destroyed or lost without any fault of the purchaser, there is no need to make good the loss.

Example:- A vendor offers an animal for one thousand piastres, asking the purchaser to buy it if he is pleased with it. If the purchaser takes it with a view to buying it and the animal is destroyed while in his possession, the purchaser must pay the price to the vendor. But if the price is not stated and the vendor asks the purchaser to buy the animal if he is pleased with it, and the purchaser, being satisfied with it, later to enter into negotiations with a view to purchase, and the animal is destroyed without any fault of the purchaser, while in the latter's possession, the purchaser is not obliged to make good the loss.

● 299. If delivery is taken of the property on approval subject to inspection, that is today, to be examined or shown, and such property is destroyed or lost while in the possession of the prospective purchaser without any fault on his part, such purchaser is considered to have held the property on trust and there is no need to make good the loss, whether the price has been stated or not.

CHAPTER VI. OPTIONS.[]

SECTION I. CONTRACTUAL OPTIONS[]

● 300. The vendor, or the purchaser, or both, may insert a condition in the contract of sale giving them an option, within a fixed period, to cancel the sale or to ratify it by carrying out the term thereof.

● 301. The person is the enjoyment of an option conferred by the contract is empowered either to cancel or to ratify the contract within the period of the validity of the option.

● 302. Both cancellation and ratification of the contract may be by word of mouth or by conduct. 303. Words importing ratification are words implying satisfaction, such as, "I ratify", or " I am pleased". Words importing cancellation are words implying dissatisfaction such as," I have cancelled" or, "I have gone back".

● 304. Acts importing ratification are those acts implying satisfaction and acts importing cancellation are those acts implying dissatisfaction.

Example:- A purchaser having a right to an option performs some act within the period during which the option is valid, indicative of a right of ownership is such property, such as putting it up for sale, or pledging it, or letting it on hire. Such act is an act of ratification by conduct. If the vendor has an option and deals with the property in the same way, it is an act of cancellation by conduct.

● 305. If the person possession the allows the period during which the option is valid to expire without either cancelling the sale or ratifying it, the sale becomes irrevocable.

● 306. An option conferred by contract is not transmissible by way of inheritance. Thus, if the person possessing the option is the vendor, the purchaser becomes the owner of the thing sold upon the death of the vendor. If the purchaser is the person having the option and dies, his heirs become owners of the thing sold without any option.

● 307. If both vendor and purchaser have an option, the sale can be cancelled by whichever party so desires. if one party only ratifies, that party loses his option, the other retaining his.

● 308. If the vendor alone has an option, he does not lose his title in the thing sold, which is still considered to be a part of his own property. if the thing sold is destroyed while in the possession of the purchaser after delivery thereof, the fixed price does not become due, but the purchaser must pay the value thereof on the day he took delivery.

● 309. If the purchaser alone has an option he acquires a title in the thing sold, which is considered to be a part of his own property. If the thing sold is destroyed while in the possession of the purchaser after delivery thereof, the fixed price must be paid.

SECTION II. OPTION FOR MISDESCRIPTION.[]

● 310. If the vendor sells property as possessing a certain desirable quality and such property proves to be devoid of such quality, the purchaser has the option of either cancelling the sale, or of accepting the thing sold for the whole of the fixed price. This is called option for

MISDESCRIPTION.[]

Examples:-

(1). If a cow is sold described as giving milk and it proves that she has ceased to give milk, the purchaser acquires an option.

(2). If a stone sold at night-time as a red ruby proves to be yellow ruby, the purchaser acquires an option.

● 311. The option for misdescription is transmissible by way of inheritance. That is to say, that if on the death of the purchaser who has an option for misdescription, it turns out that the thing sold does not conform to the description given, the heir also has the power of cancelling the sale.

● 312. If the purchaser having an option for misdescription deals with the thing sold in manner indicative of a right of ownership over such thing, he loses his option thereby.

SECTION III. OPTION AS TO PAYMENT.[]

● 313. Vendor and purchaser may validly conclude a bargain whereby payment of the price is to be made by a certain time and in the event of payment not being made, the sale is not to take place. This option is called an option as to payment.

● 314. If the purchaser does not pay the price within the stipulated period, a sale concluded subject to an option as to payment is voidable.

● 315. If a purchaser having an option as to payment dies within the prescribed period, the sale is void

SECTION IV. OPTION AS TO SELECTION.[]

● 316. A stipulation may validly be made in a sale whereby the purchaser may take whichever he likes of two or three things at different prices the like of which cannot be found in the market, or the vendor may give whichever one he pleases. This is called an option as to selection.

● 317. A period must be fixed during which the option as to selection is valid.

● 318. A person having an option as to selection is bound to choose the thing he has bought on the expiration of the prescribed period.

● 319. An option as to to selection is transmissible by way of inheritance.

Example:- If the vendor sells three pieces of cloth all being of one type and consisting of superior, medium and inferior quality, the purchaser to take the piece he prefers within a period of three or four days, and such purchaser agrees thereto, a valid sale is concluded, and on the expiration of the stipulated period, the purchaser must choose one and pay the fixed price thereof. If he dies before exercising his option, his heir must choose one in the same manner.

SECTION V. OPTION AS TO INSPECTION.[]

● 320. If a person buys a piece of property without seeing such property, he has an option upon inspection thereof of either cancelling the sale or of ratifying it. This is called option as to inspection

● 321. The option of inspection is not transmissible by way of inheritance. Consequently, if the purchaser dies without having seen the property which he has bought, his heir becomes owner of the property without having any option in the matter.

● 322. No option of inspection accrues to the vendor who sells property without seeing it . Example:- A sells property which he has not seen and which has come to him by way of inheritance. The sale is concluded without any right of option.

● 323. The object of the option of inspection is to ascertain the nature of the thing sold and the whereabouts thereof. Example:- A person who examines the outside of a plain piece of cloth which is the same on both sides; or a piece of cloth marked with stripes or flowers; or the teat of a sheep bought for breeding; or the back of a sheep bought for killing; or who tries the taste of things for eating and drinking and who later makes a purchase, has no option of inspection.

● 324. It is sufficient to see a sample produced of things sold by sample.

325. If the thing sold proves to be inferior to the sample, the purchaser has an option of taking or rejecting it. Example:- If such things as corn or oil, and linen or wool manufactured so as to conform to a set standard of excellence are bought after inspecting a sample thereof, and are later found not to come up to sample, the purchaser has an option.

● 326. In the purchase of real property such as an inn or a house, every room must be inspected. If the rooms are all of one type, however, it is sufficient to inspect one of the rooms.

● 327. When things which are dissimilar to each other are purchased en bloc, each one must be inspected separately.

● 328. If the purchaser buys things which are dissimilar from each other en bloc and inspects some of them and fails to inspect the rest, and,upon inspection of the latter, is dissatisfied therewith, he has the option of accepting or rejecting the whole lot. He may not take those with which he is satisfied and reject the rest.

● 329. A blind person may validly buy and sell, but if he buys property the description of which is unknown to him, he has an option.

Example:- If he buys a house the description of which is unknown to him, he has an option, upon learning the description thereof, of accepting or rejecting.

● 330. A blind person has no option if he purchases a thing which has been described to him beforehand.

● 331. If a blind person touches anything the nature of which can be ascertained by means of the sense of touch, and smells things the nature of which can be ascertained by means of the sense of smell, and tastes things the nature of which can be ascertained by means of the sense of taste, his right of option is destroyed. That is to say, if he touches or smells such things and afterwards purchases them, the sale is valid and irrevocable.

● 332.If a person who has inspected a piece of property with a view to purchase later buys such property knowing it is the property in question, such person has no option of inspection. Should any change have been made in such property, however such person has an option.

● 333. Inspection by an agent authorised to buy or receive the thing sold, is equivalent to inspection by the principal.

● 334. Inspection by a messenger, that is to say, a person sent, who merely has the power of collecting and dispatching the thing sold, does not destroy the purchaser's option of inspection.

● 335. If the purchaser deals with the thing sold in any way indicative of a right of ownership, his option of inspection is destroyed.

SECTION VI. OPTION FOR DEFECT.[]

● 336. In an unconditional sale, the thing sold must be free from any defect. that is to say, although property is sold without stipulating that it shall be free from faults, and without stating whether it is sound, or bad, or defective, or free from fault, such property nevertheless must be sound and free from defect.

● 337. If some defect of long standing is revealed upon the unconditional sale of any piece of property, the purchaser has the option of rejecting it or accepting it for the fixed price. He cannot keep the property and reduce the price on account of the defect. This is called the option of defect. 338. A defect consists of any faults which, in the opinion of persons competent to judge, cause a depreciation in the price of the property.

● 339. A defect of long standing is a fault which existed while the thing sold was in the possession of the vendor.

● 340. Any defect which occurs in the thing sold after sale and before delivery, while in the possession of the vendor, is considered a defect of long standing and justifies rejection.

● 341. If the vendor declares at the time of sale that there is a defect in the thing sold, and the purchaser accepts the thing sold with the defect, he has no option on account of such defect.

● 342. If the vendor sells property subject to the condition that he shall be free from any claim on account of any defect, the purchaser has no option on account of the defect found therein.

● 343. If a purchaser buys property, including all defects, he cannot make any claim on account of any defect found therein.

Example:- If a purchaser buys an animal with all faults of any description whatsoever whether blind, lame, or worthless, he cannot return such animal asserting that it had a defect of long standing.

● 344. If the purchaser after becoming aware of a defect in the thing sold performs any act indicative of the exercise of a right of ownership, he loses his option of defect. Example:- The purchaser, after becoming aware of the existence of a defect of long standing in the thing sold, offers such thing for sale. He is taken to have acquiesced therein and cannot reject the thing sold.

● 345. If a defect appears in the thing sold while in the possession of the purchaser, and it proves to be a defect of long standing, the purchaser has no right to return the thing sold to the vendor, but has a right to claim a reduction in the price.

Example:- If the purchaser discovers a defect of long standing in the thing he has purchased, such as a piece of cloth which after being cut up and measured is found to rotten and frayed, he cannot return the same, because by cutting it he caused a fresh defect. He can, however, claim a reduction in the price on account of the defect.

● 346. The amount of the reduction in the price is ascertained by a report drawn up by impartial experts. With this object in view, the value of the thing sold when sound and also when defective is ascertained, and a reduction is made from the fixed price on the basis of the difference between the two prices.

Example:- A purchaser after buying a roll of cloth for sixty piastres and cutting it up and measuring it becomes aware of a defect of long standing. Experts estimate the value of such property at sixty piastres when sound and with the defect of long standing at forty-five piastres. The reduction to be made in the price is fifteen piastres, and the purchaser has a right to make a claim for that amount. If the expert report that the VAlue of such property when sound was eighty piastres and with the defect sixty piastres, the difference of twenty piastres between the two prices, that is to say a fourth of eighty piastres or a quarter of the fixed price may be claimed by the purchaser. If the value of the cloth when sound is reported to be fifty piastres and with the defect forty piastres, the difference of ten piastres between the two, that is to say, one fifth of the fixed price, is considered to be amount to be deducted from the price .

● 347. If a defect of recent origin disappears, a defect of long standing still justifies rejection.

Example:- Horse is purchased and falls sick while in the possession of the purchaser. Thereupon a defect of long standing is revealed. The purchaser is unable to return the horse, but can obtain a reduction in the price. If the animal recovers from the illness, the purchaser can return the horse to the vendor on account of the defect of long standing.

● 348. If the vendor agrees to take back the thing sold after the occurrence of a defect while in the possession of the purchaser which reveals a defect of a long standing, and should there be nothing to prevent its return, the purchaser cannot claim a reduction in price, but must either return the thing sold or keep it and pay the full price. Should the purchaser sell the property to some third person after becoming aware of the existence of the defect of long standing, he is in no way entitled to claim a reduction of price.

Example:- A purchaser buys a roll of linen and cuts it up to make shirts. He then finds it to be defective and sells it. He cannot claim any reduction of the price from the vendor. The reason for this is that while the vendor may state that he would take back the stuff with the defect of recent origin, that is to say, cut up, the sale thereof by the purchaser is tantamount to an adoption of the defect.

● 349. Any increase, that is to say, any addition of property belonging to the purchaser to the thing sold makes any return thereof impossible.

Example:- A purchaser adds certain sewing or dyeing with his own thread or colour to a piece of cloth; or the purchaser of a piece of land plants trees therein. such acts prevent the return of the thing sold.

● 350. If there is anything to prevent the return of the thing sold, the vendor cannot receive back the defective thing sold, even though he is willing to do so, but must make a reduction in price. If the purchaser becomes aware of the existence of a defect of long standing in the property in question and sells the same, he can demand a reduction in price from the vendor. Example:- A purchaser buys a roll of linen to make into shirts. After measuring them and sewing them, he finds that the linen is defective. He cannot ask for the linen to be taken back, even though the vendor is prepared to so. The vendor is obliged to make a reduction in the price. If the purchaser sells the shirts, he can recover the reduction in the price from the vendor. The reason for this is that the thread belonging to the purchaser has been added to the thing sold and prevents its return. The vendor cannot say that he will take the thing back after it has been cut up and sewn, and the purchaser is not considered to have kept back the thing sold from the vendor.

● 351. Before taking delivery, the purchaser may reject the whole of of a number of things bought en bloc, if some of them prove to be defective, or he may elect to take them for the fixed price. He cannot reject the things which are defective and keep the rest. If the defect becomes apparent after delivery, and no loss is incurred by separation, he can return that portion in which the defect has appeared, against a proportionate share of the fixed price when sound sound. He cannot return the whole unless the vendor agrees thereto. If any loss is caused by the separation, however, he may return or keep the whole amount at the fixed price. Example:- If one of the two fezzes bought for forty piastres proves to be defective before delivery, both can be rejected together. If one of them proves to be defective after delivery, he can return

that fez, deducting the value of such fez when sound from the forty piastres. If he has bought a pair of shoes, however, and after delivery, on of them turns out to be defective, he can return them both and can demand the return of the whole of his money.

● 352. If a person who has bought and taken delivery of a definite number of things estimated by measure of capacity or weight and which are of one type, finds a portion thereof to be defective, he has the option of accepting or rejecting the whole number.

● 353. If cereals such as wheat prove to be earthy, though to an extent considered by custom to be negligible, the sale is valid and irrevocable. If, however, such cereals are considered by local opinion to be positively defective, the purchaser has an option.

● 354. If such things as eggs and nuts prove to be bad and defective but not to a greater extent than that sanctioned by custom, such as three per cent, the sale is valid. If the defect is considerable, however, such as ten per cent, the sale is invalid and the purchaser can return the whole amount to the vendor and recover the entire price.

● 355. If the thing sold appears to be in such a state that no benefit can ever be derived therefrom, the sale is void and the purchaser can recover the whole of the price.

Example:- If eggs which have been bought prove to be so bad that they are useless, the purchaser can recover the whole of his money.

SECTION VII. MISREPRESENTATION AND DECEIT.[]

● 356. The existence of flagrant misrepresentation in a sale, but without actual deceit, does not enable the person who has been the victim of such misrepresentation to cancel the sale. But if the sale of the property of orphans is tainted by flagrant misrepresentation, although there is no actual deceit, such sale is invalid. Property belonging to a pious foundation and to the treasury is treated on the same basis as the property of orphans.

● 357. If one of the two parties to the sale deceives the other, and flagrant misrepresentation is also proved to be present in the sale, the person so deceived can cancel the sale.

● 358. If the person who is the victim of flagrant misrepresentation dies, no right to an action for deceit is transmitted to his heirs.

● 359. If the purchaser who is the victim of deceit becomes aware that the sale is tainted by flagrant misrepresentation and deals with the thing sold in any manner indicative of a right of ownership, he has no right whatsoever to cancel such sale.

● 360. If a thing sold which has been bought as a result of deceit or flagrant misrepresentation is destroyed, or perishes, or becomes defective, or if something new is added, such as a building to apiece of land, the victim of such misrepresentation has no right to cancel the sale.

CHAPTER VII. VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF THINGS SOLD AND THE EFFECT THEREOF.[]

SECTION I. TYPES OF SALE.[]

● 361. It is a condition precedent to the conclusion of the sale that the parties thereto should be sound be sound mind and perfect understanding and that the sale should be made with reference to some thing which may properly be subject of sale.

● 362. A sale which is defective in any essential condition, such as sale by lunatic, is void.

● 363. In order that any object may properly be the subject of sale, such object must be in existence, must be capable of delivery, and must be of some specific value. Consequently, the sale of thing which is not in existence, or is incapable of delivery, or is not of any specific value, is void.

● 364. If a sale is concluded validly, but is not legal as regards certain subsidiary matters, such as the thing sold being unknown, or defective as regards the price, the sale is voidable.

● 365. For a sale to be executory, the vendor must be the owner of the thing sold, or the agent of the owner, or his tutor or guardian, and no other person must be entitled thereto.

● 366. Avoidable sale becomes executory on taking delivery. That is to say, the purchaser may deal with the thing sold.

● 367. If one of the options attaches to the sale, such sale is not irrevocable.

● 368. A sale dependent upon the right of some third person may validly be concluded if the permission of such person is obtained, as in the case of a sale by an unauthorised person, to the sale of property given as a pledge.

SECTION II. EFFECT OF VARIOUS KINDS OF SALE.[]

● 369. The effect of the conclusion of a sale is ownership, that is to say, the purchaser becomes the owner of the thing sold and the vendor becomes the owner of the price.

● 370. A sale which is void is of no effect whatsoever. Consequently, if in the case of a sale which is void, the purchaser has taken delivery of the thing sold with the permission of the vendor, and such thing is destroyed without the fault of the purchaser while in his possession, there is no necessity for the purchaser to make good the loss, the thing sold being in the nature of a thing deposited on trust.

● 371. A voidable sale, on delivery, is effective, that is to say, if the purchaser takes possession of the thing sold with the permission of the vendor, he becomes the owner thereof. Consequently, if a thing bought as the result of a voidable sale is destroyed while in the possession of the purchaser, the purchaser must make good the loss. If the thing sold is one the like of which can be found in the market, a like thing must be given by the purchaser to the vendor, or if it is a thing the like of which cannot be found in the market, the value thereof on the day of delivery must be paid.

● 372. In the case of a voidable sale, each of the contracting parties has the right of cancelling the sale. But if the thing sold is destroyed while in the possession of the purchaser, or if the purchaser disposes of it in any way, such as consuming it, or selling it validly to some other person, or bestowing it upon upon someone by way of gift, or if the thing sold being a house, the purchaser adds to it in any way, such as repairing it, or, if it is a piece of land, planting trees on it, or, if it is corn, changes it by grinding it into flour, so that its name is changed there is no right of cancellation.

● 373. In the case of cancellation of a voidable sale, if the price has been received, the purchaser has the right of retaining the thing sold until the vendor has returned the price.

● 374. An executory sale becomes effective forthwith .

● 375. An executory sale is irrevocable, and neither of the two parties to the sale may go back thereon.

● 376. In the case of a revocable sale, a person possessing an option can cancel such sale.

● 377. A conditional sale becomes effective when the necessary permission is given.

● 378. In the event of a sale by an unauthorised person, such sale is executory if the owner of the property, or his agent, or his tutor, or his guardian give their permission. Otherwise it is of no effect. For the permission to be effective, however, it is necessary for the vendor, the purchaser, the person giving permission and the thing sold to be in existence. If any of these is absent permission is invalid.

● 379. In the case of sale by barter, the conditions applicable to a thing sold also apply, since the value of the two things exchanged is considered to constitute a thing sold. If a dispute arises as to delivery, however, the two parties to the sale must respectively give and take delivery simultaneously.

SECTION III. SALE BY IMMEDIATE PAYMENT AGAINST FUTURE DELIVERY.[]

● 380. A contract of sale by immediate payment against future delivery is concluded by offer and acceptance, as in the case of sale.

Example :- A purchaser tells a vendor that he has paid a thousand piastres immediately against future delivery of one hundred kiles of c corn. The vendor agrees. A contract of sale by immediate payment against future delivery has been concluded.

● 381. A sale by immediate payment against future delivery can only be concluded validly with reference to things the quantity and quality of which can be determined; for example, the highest and lowest.

● 382. The amount of things estimated by measure of capacity or by weight or by length is fixed by the kile, the weight, or the yard.

● 383. The amount of things estimated by enumeration and which closely resemble each other may be measured by counting, and also by the kile and by weight.

● 384. In the case of things estimated by enumeration, such as burnt bricks and sun-dried bricks, the mould thereof must be made known.

● 385. The length, breadth and thickness of things measured by length, such as linen and woollens, the material they are made from, and the place in which they were made, must be stated.

● 386. It is essential to the validity of a sale by immediate payment against future delivery that the type of thing sold should be stated; for instance, corn, rice or dates: and the particular variety; for example, whether produced by rain or by irrigation: and the quality ; for example, the highest or the lowest: the amount of the price of the thing sold, and the time and place of delivery thereof must be stated.

● 387. It is essential to the validity of the sale by immediate payment against future delivery that the price should be paid at the meeting where the contract is concluded. If the two contracting parties separate before the price is handed over, the contract is cancelled.

SECTION IV. CONTRACT OF MANUFACTURE AND SALE.[]

● 388. If a person requests a

(1). A purchaser displays his foot to boot-maker and asks him to make a pair of boots from such and such leather for so many piastres and the latter agrees to so so; or a bargain is struck with a ship's carpenter for the building of a rowing boat or ship, after describing the length and breadth and essential qualities thereof. A contract for manufacture and sale has been concluded.

(2). A bargain is concluded with a manufacturer for the production of a certain number of needle guns at so much per gun, after describing the length and the size thereof, and other requirements. A contract for manufacture and sale has been concluded.

● 389. A contract for manufacture and sale is generally valid if it is customer to conclude such a contract. If a period is prescribed, however, in respect to things to which no such custom applies, the conditions applicable in the case of immediate payment against future delivery are in force. If no period is prescribed, however, the contract is in the nature of a contract for manufacture and sale.

● 390. In the case of contract for manufacture and sale, an identification and description of the article must be given as required.

● 391. It is not essential to a contract for manufacture and sale, that the money should be paid immediately.

● 392. After the conclusion of a contract for manufacture and sale, neither party can go back on the bargain they have struck. If, however, the object manufactured is not in accordance with the specification, the person who has given the order may exercise an option.

SECTION V. SALE BY A PERSON SUFFERING FROM A MORTAL SICKNESS.[]

● 393. If a person suffering from a mortal sickness sells a thing to one of his heirs, such sale is dependent upon the permission of the other heirs. If such heirs give their permission after death of the person suffering from the mortal sickness, such sale becomes executory. If they do not so give their permission, it is not executory.

● 394. If a person suffering from mortal sickness sells a things to a person who is not one his heirs at the time of his death for a price equal to the value of such thing, such sale is valid. If he gives favourable terms, that is to say, such thing for less than its value and gives delivery thereof, anyone third of his property allows thereof, and thereafter dies, the sale is valid. If a third of his property is insufficient to allow of such favourable terms, the purchaser must make good such deficiency. If he does not do so, the heir can cancel the sale.

Examples:-

(1). A person suffering from a mortal sickness, and who owns nothing but a house worth one thousand five hundred piastres, sell and delivers such house to a person who is not one of his heirs for one thousand piastres. Such sale is valid, since the five hundred piastres which he has made a subject of his generosity do not exceed a third of his property, and the heir cannot cancel the sale. (2). If a person suffering from a mortal sickness sells a nd delivers the house fro five hundred piastres, the purchaser is obliged to increase the price to two thirds, upon being requested to do so by the heirs, since the thousand piastres which he has made the subject of hiss generosity is twice as much as one third of his property. If he does so, the heir cannot cancel the sale. If he fails to do so, the heirs can cancel the sale and demand the return of the house.

● 395. If a person whose estate is overwhelmed by debts and who is suffering from a mortal sickness sells his property for a price less than the true value and then dies, the creditors can oblige the purchaser to make good the balance of the price. If he does not do so, the creditors can cancel the sale.

SECTION VI. SALE SUBJECT TO A RIGHT OF REDEMPTION.[]

● 396. In sale subject to a right of redemption the vendor may return the price and claim back the thing sold. The purchaser likewise can return the thing sold and claim back the price.

● 397. A thing sold subject to a right of redemption may not be sold to any other person by either the vendor or the purchaser.

● 398. A condition may validly be made that a portion of the profits of the thing sold shall be for the purchaser.

Example:- If it is mutually agreed to make a contract that the grapes of a vineyard sold subject to a right of redemption shall be equally divided between vendor and purchaser, the contract must be carried out.

● 399. If property sold subject to a right of redemption is equal to the amount of the debt and perishes while in the possession of the purchaser, the debt which it secures is cancelled.

● 400. If the value of the property sold subject to a right of redemption is less than the debt and perishes while in the possession of the purchaser, a sum equivalent to the amount of the debt is deducted, and the purchaser can claim the return of the balance from the vendor.

● 401. If the value of the property sold subject to a right of redemption is greater than the amount of the debt and perishes while in the possession of the purchaser, a sum equivalent to the amount of the debt is deducted. If the purchaser has been guilty of some wrongful act, he must make good the balance. If he has not been guilty of any wrongful act, and the property has been destroyed, the purchaser is not obliged to make good the balance.

● 402. If one of the two parties to a sale subject to a right of redemption dies, the right of cancellation is transmitted to his heirs by way of inheritance.

● 403. No other creditors of the vendor have the right of interfering with property sold subject to a right of redemption, until the purchaser thereof has recovered payment of what is due to him.

PROMULGATED BY ROYAL IRADAH, 26 SHAABAN, 1293.

g • t • d ENGLISH: AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH (The Journal of The Verdicts of The Justice or The Ottoman Courts Manual) Tam metin :Mecelle/İngilizce/Düz metin - Mecelle/English ENG word. (Majalla : INTRODUCTION .Part I: Article 1 :Majalla/Definition and Classification of Turkic Jurisprudence - Article 2: Majalla/ PART IIMajalla/MAXIMS OF TURKIC JURISPRUDENCE. (2-99 articles) +1.Book I: SALE (BUYU': 101-403 )+ 2.Book II:RENT (İCÂRAT: 404 -611 ) + 3.Book III:((612-672))Guarantee + 4.BookIV :Transfer of Debt: (673-700) + 5. Book V :Pledges (701-761)+ 6. Book VI Trust and trusteeship (762-832)+ 7.Book VII: Gift (833-880)+ 8. Book VIII: Wrongful Appropriation and Destructions WRONGFUL APPROPRIATION AND DESTRUCTION(881-940)+ 9.BookIX:Interdiction, Constraint and Pre-emption: (941-1044) + 10.Book 10: Joint Ownership (1045-1148)+ 11. Book 11: Agency (1449-1530) + 12. Book 12: Settlement and Release (1531-1571) + 13.Book 13: Admissions (1572-1612)+ 14.Book 14: Actions (1613-1675) + 15. Book 15: Evidence and Administration of an Oath (1676-1783)+ 16. Book 16: Administration of Justice by the Courts (1784-1851)
Mecelle/Dictionary . Mecelle/Fransızca - Mecelle/Arabî . Mecelle/Osmani ❍ (Majalla : Introduction .INTRODUCTION .Part I: Article 1 :PART II :Majalla/Definition and Classification of Turkic Jurisprudence . Majalla/ PART II:Majalla/MAXIMS OF TURKIC JURISPRUDENCE. (2-99 articles)
Book I	Majalla/Book I: : BUYU' (SALE) ● Book 1: Sale. 1.Kitap: Kitab'ul Büyû' Bir mukaddime ve 7 bab (101-403)
Book II	Majalla/Book II: RENT(İCARAT)● Book 2: Hire : 2.Kitap: Kitab'ul İcârât Bir mukaddime 8 Bab (403-611)
Book III	Majalla/Book III: ● Book 3: Guarantee : 3.Kitap: Kitab'ul Kefâlet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (612-672)
Book IV	Majalla/Book VI:● Book 4: Transfer of Debt :4.Kitap: Kitab'ul Havâle Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (673-700)
Book V	Majalla/Book V● Book 5: Pledges :5.Kitap: Kitab'ul Rehn Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (701-761)
Book VI	Majalla/Book VI● Book 6: Trust and trusteeship : 6.Kitap: Kitab'ul Emanet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (762-832)
Book VII	Majalla/Book VII ● Book 7: Gift .7.Kitap: Kitab'ul Hibe Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (833-880)
Book VIII	Majalla/Book VIII● Book 8: Wrongful Appropriation and Destructions WRONGFUL APPROPRIATION AND DESTRUCTION8.Kitap: Kitab'ul Gasb ve-l İtlaf Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (881-940)
Book IX	Majalla/Book IX: Interdiction, Constraint and Pre-emption ●Book 9: Interdiction, Constraint and Pre-emption . 9.Kitap: Kitab'ul Hacr ve-l İkrah Veş-Şuf'a Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (941-104
Book X	Majalla/Book X● Book 10: Joint Ownership 10.Kitap: -Kitab'ul Şirket Bir Mukaddime 8 Bab (1045-1148)
Book XI	Majalla/Book XI● Book 11: Agency . 11.Kitap: Kitab'ul Vekalet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (1449-1530)
Book XII	Majalla/Book XII● Book 12: Settlement and Release :12.Kitap: Kitab'ul Sulh ve-l İbra Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1531-1571)
Book XIII	Majalla/Book XIII● Book 13: Admissions :13.Kitap: Kitab'ul İkrarBir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1572-1612)
Book XIV	Majalla/Book XIV● Book 14: Actions :14.Kitap: Kitab'ul Da'vâ Bir Mukaddime 12 Bab (1613-1675)
Book XV	Majalla/Book XV ● Book 15: Evidence and Administration of an Oath. 15.Kitap: Kitab'ul Beyyinat ve't-Tahlif Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1676-1783)
Book XVI	Majalla/Book XVI ● Book 16: Administration of Justice by the Courts 16.Kitap: Kitab'ul Kazâ Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1784-1851)
Kaynaklar	Majalla English Word text Dosya:ENG Ottoman Majalle (Civil Law).pdf The Journal of The Verdicts of The Justice

g • t • d Portal:Mecelle: Mecelle• مجلة• المجلة Son:Eyüp Sabri Kartal çalışmaları:ESK/Mecelle . Mecelle/İngilizce/Düz metin. KBVT . Mecelle/Türki Arabi Terim ve Lügat izahlı, Mecelle/Tr- Eng - Arb- Fransızca - Osmanî - Mecelle/Vecizeler . Fihrist-i Mecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliye . MC/1. MC/2• MC/90
Mecelle/Arabî. Mecelle/Osmani .Mecelle/Fransızca Dosya:Mecelle Fransızca legislation ottomon ikogoog.pdf. Mecelle/English Dosya:ENG Ottoman Majalle (Civil Law).pdf bir fende yevmi olmayan yazıların olduğu basılı uzmanlık dergisi Medical journal tıbbi mecelle demektir. Journal magazine dergisinin ayrılır.Mecelle/Tercümeleri
1.Kitap	Mecelle/Mukaddime: 1- Fıkhın tarifi(1) ve 2 -Kavaid -i Külliye (1-100) - Kitab'ul Büyû' Bir mukaddime ve 7 bab (101-403)
2.Kitap	Kitab'ul İcârât Bir mukaddime 8 Bab (403-611) 3.Kitap: Kitab'ul Kefâlet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (612-672) 4.Kitap: Kitab'ul Havâle Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (673-700) 5.Kitap: Kitab'ul Rehn Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (701-761) 6.Kitap: Kitab'ul Emanet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (762-832) 7.Kitap: Kitab'ul Hibe Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (833-880) 8.Kitap: Kitab'ul Gasb ve-l İtlaf Bir Mukaddime 2 Bab (881-940) 9.Kitap: Kitab'ul Hacr ve-l İkrah Veş-Şuf'a Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (941-1044) 10.Kitap: Kitab'ul Şirket Bir Mukaddime 8 Bab (1045-1148) 11.Kitap: Kitab'ul Vekalet Bir Mukaddime 3 Bab (1449-1530) 12.Kitap: Kitab'ul Sulh ve-l İbra Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1531-1571) 13.Kitap: Kitab'ul İkrar Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1572-1612) 14.Kitap: Kitab'ul Da'vâ Bir Mukaddime 12 Bab (1613-1675) 15.Kitap: Kitab'ul Beyyinat ve't-Tahlif Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1676-1783 16.Kitap: Kitab'ul Kazâ Bir Mukaddime 4 Bab (1784-1851) (42)
Arapça	Mecelle/Arapça luğatte .مجلة. Ve الجمع Cem'i : meccal( مجالّ) ve meccalat (مجلاَّت) *El-mecelle; Kitap المَجَلَّة : الكتاب المَجَلَّة : الصَّحيفةُ تَجْمَعُ طرائف المعرفة وتقال في عصرنا هذا لكل صحيفة عامّةٍ أَو متخصِّصة في فن من الفنون تظهر في أَوقات معينة ، بخلاف الصّحف اليوميَّة Cem'i والجمع : مجالُّ ، مَجَلاَّتٌ Akademik personel anlamında kullanılır
Kitabeti	Mecelle. مجله.Majalla . Megillah .
Türev	Celle• Celil• Celal • Tecelli• Mücella
Diğer	Azerbeycan Cumhuriyetinin Mülki Mecellesi
VP	Mecelle/VP - Mecelle/WP [6] - Mecelle/WP Arabi
Alakalı	Ester - Esther -Aşir - Aşur - Aysu - Esau - Isaiah Book of Esther [7] (Ester kitabı [8]) :Hz.Muhammed as hakkında haberler vardır. İbni Kesir Peygamber olduğunu söyler.
x

g • t • d MKK: MKK1. MKK/1-30 MKK/1-25. MKK/Düz Metin linkli MC/1 . MC/2 . MC/3 . MC/4 . MC/5 . MC/6 . MC/7 . MC/8 . MC/9 . MC/10 . MC/11 . MC/12 . MC/13 . MC/14 . MC/15 . MC/16 . MC/17 . MC/18 . MC/19 . MC/20 . MC/21 . MC/22 . MC/23 . MC/24 . MC/25
MC/1	“#İlm-i fıkh, mesâil-i şer’iyye-i ameliyeyi bilmektir ”. علم الفقه معرفة المسائل الشرعية العملية . #The science of jurisprudence consists of a knowledge of the precepts of the Divine Legislator in their relation to human affairs . #علم فقه مسائل شرعيهء عملية يي بيلمكدر . Hukuk ilmi, mesail-i meşruiyye-i ameliyeyi bilmektir. ESK İlm-i Fıkh: Fıkıh ilmi .Mesail: Meseleler Mesâil-i şer’iyye-i ameliye: Amellerle ilgili hukuki meseleler . Mecelle/Madde 1 .
MC/2	“#Bir işten maksat ne ise hüküm ona göredir.”2. A matter is determined according to intention; that is to say, the effect to be given to any particular transaction must conform to the object of such transaction. 170, 769, 1240.; TMK. 1, 2, 3, 84, 114, 125.; TBK. 18, 20, , 41, 43, 48, 82, 83.; ZGB. 2., 3.; BGB. 157, 242, 932.; TCK. 45
MC/3	“#Ukudda itibar mekasıd ve meaniyedir; elfaz ve mebaniye değildir.3.”In contracts effect is given to intention and meaning and not to words and phrases. Madde 3 - Ukûdda itibar makâsıt ve maâniyedir, elfâz ve mebâniye değildir. MC. MC/262, MC/389, MC/648.; TMK. ı, 2, 3.; TBK ı, 18,25, 26, 154, 165, 178, 505.; MH. 314, Ukud: Akitler . Mekasıd: Maksatlar . Meani: Manalar .Elfaz: Lafızlar, kelimeler .Mebani: Beyanlar, açıklamalar
MC/4	#Şek ile yakin zail olmaz . el-yakînu lâ yezûlü bi'ş-şekk) .● 4. Certainty is not dispelled by doubt . Şek: Doubtdispelled:zail olmak . İstishab . Yakin :Certainty - Şek ile yakin zâil olmaz. MC. MC/5, MC/6, MC/7, MC/8, MC/9, MC/10, MC/11, MC/12.
MC/5	"#Bir şeyin bulunduğu hal üzere kalması asıldır.”● 5. It is a fundamental principle that a thing shall remain as it was originally. MC. MC/6, MC/10, MC/1685, MC/1776, MC/1777.; TMK 15
MC/6	#Kadim, kıdemi üzerine terk olunur.● 6. Things which have been in existence from time immemorial shall be left as they were. Madde 6 - Kâdim kıdemi üzere zikrolunur.MC. MC/9, MC/612.
MC/7	# Zarar kadim olmaz.● 7.Injury cannot exist from time immemorial .immemorial .Madde 7- Zarar kadim olmaz. MC. MC/6 , MC/166, MC/1166, MC/1224; MH. 48.; TBK. 125 - 140
MC/8	#Beraet-i zimmet asıldır.● 8. Freedom from liability is a fundamental principle. MC. MC/166, MC/1224, MC/1197.; MH. 48; TBK. 125 - 140. Madde 8 - Berâ'et-i zimmet asıldır.
MC/9	#Sıfat-ı arızada asl olan ademdir.● 9. Non-existence is a fundamental principle which applies to all rights which may subsequently accrue. accrue Madde 9 — Sıfât-ı ârizada asl olan ademdir. MC/8, MC/332
MC/10	#Bir zamanda sabit olan şeyin -hilafına delil olmadıkça- bekasıyla hükmolunur.● 10. Judgement shall be given in respect to any matter which has been proved at any particular time, unless the contrary is proved.Madde 10 — Bir zamanda sabit olan şey'in hilâfina delil olmadıkça bekâsıyla hükmolunur. MC MC/5, MC/1621, MC/1592
MC/11	● 11. It is a fundamental principle that any new occurrence shall be regarded as happening at the time nearest to the present.*Madde 11 - Bir emr-i hâdisin akreb-i evkâtına izâfeti asıldır.Yani hâdis olan bir işin sebep ve zaman-ı vukûunda ihtilâf olunsa zaman-1 ba'îde nisbeti ispat olunmadıkça hâle akreb olan zamana nisbet olunur.MC MC/10, MC/5, MC/8; HUMK 299.
MC/12	● 12. It is a fundamental principle that words shall be construed literally. Madde 12 - Kelâmda asl olan manây-ı hakîkîdir. MC. MC/13, MC/60, MC/61.; TMK ı, 2; TBK 18
MC/13	Madde 13 - Tasrih mukâbelesinde delâlete i'tibar yokdur. MC. MC/12, MC/772; TBK. ı. 2:, HUMK. 234, ● 13. No attention shall be paid to inferences in the face of obvious facts.
MC/14	Madde 14 - Mevrid-i nassda ictihâda mesâğ yoktur. MC/15, MC/16, MC/167.; TMK. ı, 2; TBK 18 ● 14. Where the text is clear, there is no room for interpretation.
MC/15	#Madde 15 - Alâ hilâfi'l-kıyâs sâbit olan şey sâire makîsün-aleyh olamaz.MC. MC/14, MC/16. MC/1659. ● 15. A matter which has been proved contrary to legal analogy cannot be cited by way of analogy in respect to any other matter.
MC/16	# Madde 16 - İctihâd ile ictihâd nakz olmaz.MC. MC/14, MC/15.; TMK. 1; TCK. 44 ● 16. One legal interpretation does not destroy another.
MC/17	Madde 17 - Meşakkat tesyîri celbeder. Yani su'ûbet sebeb-i tesyîr olur ve darlık vaktinde vüs'at gösterilmek lazım gelir. Karz ve havâle ve hacir gibi pekçok ahkâm-ı fikhiyye bu asla müteferri'dir ve fukahânın ahkâm-ı şer'iyyede gösterdikleri ruhas ve tahfifat hep bu kâideden istihrâc olunmuştur. MC. MC/18, MC/19, MC/20, MC/205, MC/223, MC/396, MC/799.; TMK. 2 ● 17. Difficulty begets facility; that is to say, difficulty is the cause of facility and in time of hardship consideration must be shown. Very many subjects of Islamic jurisprudence, such as loans, transfer of debts and interdiction are derived from this principle, and the latitude and indulgence shown by Islamic jurists in their rulings are all based upon this rule.
MC/18	Madde 18 - Bir iş zîk oldukda müttesi olur. Yani bir işde meşakkat görülünce ruhsat ve vüs'at gösterilir. MC. MC/17. ● 18. Latitude should be afforded in the case of difficulty, that is to say, upon the appearance of hardship in any particular matter, latitude and indulgence must be shown.
MC/19	# Madde 19 - Zarar ve mukâbele bi'z-zarâr yokdur.MC. MC/20, MC/25, MC/26, MC/27, 28, MC/29.; TMK. 41, 61, vd; ● 19. Injury may not be met by injury.
MC/20	#Madde 20 - Zarar izâle olunur.MC. MC/19, MC/21, MC/22, MC/25, MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/30, MC/32, MC/998, MC/1201.; TBK 41 vd. ● 20. Injury is removed
MC/21	# Madde 21 - Zarûretler memnû' olan şeyleri mübah kilâr. MC. MC/22, MC/96, MC/97, MC/1007.; TBK. 52; TCK 49-50, 516/4. ● 21. Necessity renders prohibited things permissible
MC/22	# Madde 22 - Zarûretler kendi mikdarlarınca takdir olunur ● 22. Necessity is estimated by the extent thereof..MC.MC/21, MC/23.; TBK. 52; TCK. 49-50, 516/4
MC/23	# Madde 23 - Bir özür için câiz olan şey ol özrün zevâliyle bâtıl olur. MC. MC/22, MC/517.● 23. A thing which is permissible by reason of the existence of some excuse thereof, ceases to be permissible with the disappearance of that excuse.
MC/24	# Madde 24 - Mâni' zâil oldukda memnû' avdet eder.MC. MC/19, MC/335, MC/345, MC/347, MC/372, MC/869, MC/870, MC/1647, MC/1653, MC/1654. ● 24. When a prohibition is removed, the thing to which such prohibition attaches reverts to its former status of legality.
MC/25	# Madde 25 - Bir zarar kendi misliyle izâle olunamaz.MC. MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/31, MC/965, MC/1141, MC/1288, MC/1312.; TCK 49-50, 516/4; TBK 52 ● 25. An injury cannot be removed by the commission of a similar injury.

g • t • d MKK: MKK2 :MKK/25-50 MC/25. MC/26 .MC/27. MC/28 .MC/29. MC/30 .MC/31. MC/32 .MC/33. MC/34 .MC/35. MC/36 .MC/37. MC/38 .MC/39. MC/40 .MC/41. MC/42 .MC/43. MC/44 .MC/45. MC/46 .MC/47. MC/48 .MC/49. MC/50
MC/25	Madde 25 Bir zarar kendi misliyle izâle olunamaz. MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/31, MC/965, MC/1141, MC/1288, MC/1312.; TCK 49-50, 516/4; TBK 52 ● Article 25. An injury cannot be removed by the commission of a similar injury.
MC/26	Madde 26 - Zarar-ı âmmı def için zarar-ı has ihtiyâr olunur. MC. MC/20, MC/27, MC/28, MC/29, MC/1325. ● Article 26. A private injury is tolerated in order to ward off a public injury. The prohibition from practice of an incompetent physician is derived from this principle.
MC/27	Madde 27 - Zarar-ı eşedd zarar-ı ehaf ile izâle olunur. MC. MC/25, MC/26, MC/20, MC/902, MC/906, MC/1044, MC/1224, MC/1440.; TMK. 656, 661 vd. ● Article 27. Severe injury is removed by lesser injury.
MC/28	Madde 28 - İki fesâd te'âruz etdikde ehaffí irtikâb ile a'zamının çaresine bakılır. MC/20, MC/25, MC/26, MC/27, MC/29, MC/902.; TMK. 656, 661 vd. ● Article 28. In the presence of two evils, the greater is avoided by the commission of the lesser.
MC/29	Madde 29 - Ehven-i şerreyn ihtiyâr olunur. MC. MC/21, MC/22, MC/26, MC/27, MC/28, MC/902.; TMK. 656, 661 vd. ● Article 29. The lesser of the two evils is preferred.
MC/30	Madde 30 - Def'-i mefâsid celb-i menâfi'den evlâdır. ● Article 30. Repelling an evil is preferable to securing a benefit.
MC/31	Madde 31 -Zarar bi-kadari'l-imkân def olunur. MC. MC/28, MC/29, MC/30, MC/532, MC/533.; TMK. 656 ve 661. ● Article 31. Injury is removed as far as possible.
MC/32	Madde 32 - Hâcet umûmî olsun husûsî olsun zarûret menzilesine tenzîl olunur. Bey ' bil-vefânın tecvîzi bu kabîldendir ki Buhara ahâlîsinde borç tekessür etdikçe görülen ihtiyaç üzerine bu mu'âmele mer'iyyü'l-icrâ olmuştur. MC. MC/21, MC/118, MC/205, MC/213, MC/396, MC/420.● Article 32. Any want, whether of a public or private nature, is so dealt with as to meet the exigencies of the case. The validity of sale subject to a right of redemption is of this nature. The inhabitants of Bokhara having fallen badly into debt, this procedure was put into operation in order to meet the exigencies of the case.
MC/33	Madde 33 - Iztırar gayrın hakkını ibtâl etmez.Binâen-alâ-zâlik bir adam aç kalıb da birinin ekmeğini yese ba'dehû kıymetini vermesi lazım gelir.MC. MC/400, MC/1007.; TCK: 49-50/4; TBK. 52 ● Article 33. Necessity does not invalidate the right of another. Consequently, if a hungry person eats bread belonging to another, such person must later pay the value thereof.
MC/34	Madde 34 - Alması memnû' olan şeyin vermesi dahi memnû' olur.TCK 64 67 MC MC/35 tbk 50 ● Article 34. A thing which may not be taken may also not be given.
MC/35	Madde 35 - İşlenmesi memnû' olan şeyin istenmesi dahi memnû' olur.TCK 64-67.; TBK 50.; MC. MC/34, MC/1818. ● Article 35. It is forbidden to request the performance of a prohibited act.
MC/36	Madde 36 - Âdet muhakkemdir. Yani hükm-i şer'iyi isbât için örf ve âdet hakem kılınır. Gerek âmm olsun ve gerek hâs olsun. MC. MC/37, MC/38, MC/39, MC/40, MC/41, MC/42, MC/43, MC/44, 45, MC/230, MC/251, MC/291, MC/450, MC/460, MC/469, MC/574, MC/575, MC/576, MC/1340, MC/1790, MC/188, MC/354, MC/495, MC/555, MC/622, MC/829.; TMK. 1/1, 590/11, 592/281, 285, 420, 423. ● Article 36. Custom is an arbitrator; that is to say, custom, whether public or private, may be invoked to justify the giving of judgement.
MC/37	Madde 37 - Nâsın isti'mâli bir hüccetdir ki anınla amel vâcib olur. I'MK ı; MC. MC/36, MC/168, MC/389, MC/495. ● Article 37. Public usage is conclusive evidence and action must be taken in accordance therewith.
MC/38	Madde 38 - Âdeten mümteni' olan şey hakîkaten mümteni' gibidir.MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/39, MC/40, MC/1589, MC/1629. ● Article 38. A thing which it is customary to regard as impossible is considered to be impossible in fact.
MC/39	Madde 39 - Ezmanın tegayyürü ile ahkâm'ın tagayyürü inkâr olunamaz.MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/40, MC/244, MC/326, MC/596, MC/1716. ● Article 39. It is an accepted fact that the terms of law vary with the change in the times.
MC/40	Madde 40 - Âdetin delâletiyle ma'ânîy-ı hakîkî terk olunur.MC. MC/12, MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/39, MC/61, MC/82, MC/912, MC/1584.; TMK ı, 2.; TBK. 18 ● Article 40. In the presence of custom no regard is paid to the literal meaning of a thing.
MC/41	Madde 41- Âdet ancak muttarid yâhut galip oldukda mu'teber olur.MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/39, MC/40, MC/42, MC/240.; TMK ı Article 41. Effect is only given to custom where it is of regular occurrence or when universally prevailing.
MC/42	Madde 42 - İ'tibâr galib-i şâyi'adır, nâdire değildir.MC. MC/41, MC/987.; TMK ı; HUMK 238● Article 42. Effect is given to what is of common occurrence; not to what happens infrequently.
MC/43	Madde 43 - Örfe ma'rûf olan şey şart kılınmış gibidir.TMK 1; TTK ı; MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/41, MC/42, MC/461, MC/563, MC/596, MC/871 ● Article 43. A matter recognised by custom is regarded as though it were a contractual obligation.
MC/44	Madde 44 - Beyne't-tüccâr ma'rûf olan şey beynlerinde meşrût gibidir.MC. MC/36, MC/37, MC/38, MC/790, MC/1463.; TMK 1/1, 2; TBK 18 ● Article 44. A matter recognised by merchants is regarded as being a contractual obligation between them.
MC/45	Madde 45 - Örf ile ta'yîn nass ile ta'yîn gibidir,MC. MC/43, MC/44, MC/527, MC/528, MC/816, MC/1498, MC/1499.; TMK ı ● Article 45. A matter established by custom is like a matter established by law.
MC/46	Madde 46 - Mâni' ve muktazi teâruz etdikde mâni' takdîm olunur. Binâen-alâ-zâlik bir adam borçlusu yedinde merhûn olan malını âhara satamaz. MC. MC/337, MC/350, MC/397, MC/96-MC/1192, MC/590-MC/1725, MC/756-MC/1192-MC/747, MC/1192-MC/1197, MC/1598-MC/1601. ● Article 46. When prohibition and necessity conflict, preference is given to the prohibition. Consequently, a person may not sell to another a thing which he has given to his creditor as security for debt.
MC/47	Madde 47 - Vücudda bir şeye tâbi' olan hükümde dahi ana tâbi' olur. tılmış olur??? MC. MC/48, MC/50, MC/236, MC/903.; TMK. 619-622 ● Article 47. An accessory which is attached to an object in fact is also attached to it is law. Consequently, when a pregnant animal is sold, the young in its womb is sold with it.
MC/48	Madde 48 - Tâbi' olan şeye ayrıca hüküm verilmez. Meselâ bir hayvanın karnındaki yavrusu ayrıca satılamaz. MC. MC/47, MC/216, MC/224, MC/856.; TMK. 619-622 ● Article 48. An accessory to an object cannot be dealt with separately.yvT A Example: The young in an animal's womb cannot be sold separately.
MC/49	Madde 49 - Bir şeye mâlik olan kimse ol şeyin zarûriyyâtmdan olan şeye dahi mâlik olur. Meselâ, bir hâneyi satın alan kimse ana mûsil olan tarîka dahi mâlik olur. MC. MC/232, MC/1194 ● Article 49. The owner of a thing held in absolute ownership is also the owner of the things indispensable to the enjoyment of such thing.yvT K Example: A person who buys a house is also owner of the road leading to it.
MC/50	Madde 50 - Asıl sâkıt oldukda fer' dahi sâkıt olur. MC. MC/81, MC/661, MC/662, MC/1527, MC/1530 ● Article 50. If the principle fails, the accessory also fails.
x

g • t • d MKK: MKK3: MKK/51-75 MC/51. MC/52. MC/53. MC/54. MC/55. MC/56. MC/57. MC/58. MC/59. MC/60. MC/61. MC/62. MC/63. MC/64. MC/65. MC/66. MC/67. MC/68. MC/69. MC/70. MC/71. MC/72. MC/73. MC/74. MC/75
Madde 50 - Asıl sâkıt oldukda fer' dahi sâkıt olur.MC. MC/81, MC/661, MC/662, MC/1527, MC/1530
51	Madde 51 - Sâkıt olan şey avdet etmez. Ya'ni giden geri gelmez.
52	Madde 52 - Bir şey bâtıl oldukda anın zımmındaki şey dahi bâtıl olur.MC. MC/175, MC/523, MC/1566.; MA. 41.; TCK. 49, 50, 51, 60.; TBK ı, 6, 113; HUMK. 234
53	Madde 53 - Aslın îfâsı kâbil olmadığı halde bedeli îfâ olunur.MC. MC/488, MC/489, MC/891.; TBK. 43.
54	Madde 54 - Bizzat tecvîz olunmayan şey bi't-teba' tecviz olunabilir. Meselâ, müşteri mebî'i kabz için bâyi'i tevkîl etse câiz olmaz. Amma iştira eylediği zahîreyi ölçüp koymak için bâyi'a çuvalı verip dahi zahîreyi çuvala edicek zımnan ve teb'an kabz bulunur.
55	MC/55???mMadde Meseli, 55 hi12s:-i' - İbtidâen şâ9ylayı tecviz olunmayan şey bakâen tecviz olunabilir. hibe etmek sahîh değildir. Amma bir mâl-ı mevhûbun bir hisse-i şâyi'asina bir müstahlik çıkıp da zabtetse hibe bâtıl olmayıp hisse-i bâkiye-i mevhûbün lehin malı olur.MC. MC/19, MC/24, MC/430, MC/858, MC/1466.; TMK. 2
56	Madde 56 - Baka' ibtidâdan esheldir. MC/55, MC/429, MC/430.; TMK. 2
57	Madde 57 - Teberru' ancak kabz ile tamam olur. Meselâ, bir adam birine bir şey hibe etse kable'l-kabz hibe tamam olmaz.
58	Madde 58 Raiyye yani teb'a üzerine tasarruf maslahatâ menuttur.
59	Madde 59 Iltejelllîl-i Velâyet-i hâssa velâyet-i âmmeden akvadır. Meselâ, vakfın velâyeti kadınin velâyetinden akvadır. TMK. 262, 265, 266, 267, 272, 275, 405.; MC. MC/974, MC/975.
60	Madde 60- Yani bir kelâmın bir manaya hamli mümkün oldukça ihmâl yani manasız i vamamalıd MC, MC/40, MC/61, MC/1456.; TMK. ı, 2.; TBK. 18.
61	Madde 61 - Ma'nây-ı hakîkî mütaazzir oldukta mecaza gidilir. MC.MC/40, MC/60, MC/62, MC/1517.; TMK. ı, 2.; TBK. 18.
62	Madde 62 - Bir kelâmın i'mâli mümkün olmaz ise ihmâl olunur. Yani bir kelamın hakîkî ve mecâzî bir manaya hamli mümkün olmaz ise o halde mühmel yani manasız bırakılır. MC. MC/60, MC/61, MC/1577, MC/1629, MC/1697.; TMK. ı, 2.; TBK. 18.
63	Madde 63 - Mütecezzi olmayan bir şeyin bazını zikretmek küllünü zikr gibidir. MC. MC/60, MC/1041.; MA. 31, 36.; TBK. ı, 6.; HUMK 234.
64	Madde 64 - Mutlak ıtlakı üzere cârî olur. Eğer nassan yahut delâleten takyîd delîli bulunmaz ise. MC. MC/1, MC/2, MC/571, MC/572, MC/573, MC/819, MC/820, MC/1494, MC/1495, MC/1478, MC/1482, MC/1483, MC/1484.; TBK. 180.; HUMK 234.
65	Madde 65 - Hazırdaki vasıf lağv ve gaibdeki vasıf muteberdir. Meselâ, meclis-i hazır olan bir kır atı satacak olduğu halde şu yağız atı şu kadar bin kuruşa satdım dese icabı muteber olup yağız tabiri lağv olur amma meydanda Olmayan bir kır atı yağız deyu satsa vasıf mu'teber olmakla bey' mün'akid ol- MC. MC/107, MC/208,.; TMK ı, 2.; TBK. 18, 31.
66	Madde 66 - Sual cevapta iâde olunmuş addolunur. Yani tasdik, olunan bir sualde ne denilmiş ise mûcib onu söylemiş hükmündedir.
67	Madde 67 - Sâkit'e bir söz isnâd olunmaz. Lâkin ma'raz-ı hâcette sükût beyandır. Yani, sükût eden kimseye şu sözü söylemiş oldu denilemez, lâkin söyleyecek yer- MC. MC/281, 377]], 438]], 596]], MC/773, MC/805, MC/843, MC/847, MC/971, MC/1451, MC/1452, MC/1485, MC/1659, MC/1822.; HUMK 234.; TBK ı, 6, 31, 198-200, 221, 263, 387, 428.
68	Madde 68 - Bir şeyin umûr-u bâtınada delili ol şeyin makâmına kâim olur. Yani hakîkatine olan umûr-l bâtınada delîl-i zâhirîsi ile hükm olunur???. MC. MC/67, MC/183, MC/344, MC/769, MC/770, TMK 3.
69	Madde 69 - Mükâtebe muhâtaba gibidir.MC. MC/436, MC/1607, MC/1610, MC/1736.; TEK 5, 10.
70	Madde 70 - Dilsizin işaret-i malhûdesi lisan ile beyân gibidir.
71	Madde 71 - Tercümanın kavli her hususda kabul olunur.
72	Madde 72 Hatâsı zâhir olan zanna i'tibar yoktur.MC. 914, 1061, MC/18 38.; TMK. ı, 2.; TBK. 18.; HUMK. 236, 254.
73	Madde 73 - Senede müstenid olan ihtimal ile hüccet yoktur. Meselâ, bir kimse veresesinden birine şu kadar kuruş borcu olduğunu ikrâr hücc:ettiği takdirde eğer maraz-ı mevtinde ise diğer verese tasdik etmedikçe bu ikrârı değildir. Zira eğer vereseden mal kaçırmak ihtimali maraz-ı mevte müsteniddir. amma hal-i sıhhatda ise ikrârı mu'teber olur ve ol halde olan ihtimal mücerred bir nevi te- MC.MC/72, MC/74, MC/1568, MC/1578.; HUMK. 236, 254.
74	Madde 74 - Tevehhüme i'tibar yokdur. MC. MC/72, MC/73, MC/75, MC/1013, MC/1161, MC/1192, MC/1741.; MA. 92.
75	Madde 75 - Bürhan ile sâbit olan şey ıyânen sabit gibidir.

g • t • d MKK: MKK/4 -MKK/75-100 MC/75 . MC/76 . MC/77 . MC/78 . MC/79 . MC/80 . MC/81 . MC/82 . MC/83 . MC/84 . MC/85 . MC/86 . MC/87 . MC/88 . MC/89 . MC/90 . MC/91 . MC/92 . MC/93 . MC/94 . MC/95 . MC/96 . MC/97 . MC/98 . MC/99 . MC/100
MC/75	Madde 75 - Bürhan ile sâbit olan şey ıyânen sabit gibidir.● Article 75. A thing established by proof is equivalent to a thing established by ocular inspection.
MC/76	Madde 76 - Beyyine müdde'î için ve yemîn münkir üzerinedir. MC. MC/1461, MC/1463, MC/1613, MC/1817, MC/1818, MC/78, MC/79.; TMK. 6, 28, 157, 185.; TBK 42/1, 55/1, 103/11. ● Article 76. EVIDENCE IS FOR HIM WHO AFFIRMS; THE OATH FOR HIM WHO DENIES.
MC/77	Madde 77 — Beyyine hilâf-ı zâhiri isbât için ve yemîn aslı ibkâ içindir. MC. 8, 9, 11, 77, 81, 403, 967, 1774.● Article 77. The object of evidence is to prove what is contrary to appearance; the object of the oath is to ensure the continuance of the original state.
MC/78	Madde 78 - Beyyine hüccet-i müteaddiye ve ikrâr hüccet-i kâsıradır. MC. 80, 81, 1384, 1572, 1642, 1676.; HUMK. 236, 254, 299. ● Article 78. Evidence is proof affecting third person; admission is proof affecting the person making such admission only.
MC/79	Madde 79 - Kişi ikrârıyla muaheze olunur. MC. 79, 81, 1127, 1573, 1575, 1588, 1632, 1654. ● Article 79. A person is bound by his own admission.
MC/80	Madde 80 — Tenâkuz ile hüccet kalmaz, lâkin mütenâkızın aleyhine olan hükme halel gelmez. Meselâ, şehidler şahâdetlerinden rücû' ile tenâkuz etdiklerinde şahâdetleri hüccet olmaz, lâkin evvelki şahâdetleri üzerine kâdî hükmetmiş ise bu hüküm dahi bozulmayıp mahkumunbihi şahidlerin tazmin etmesi lazım gelir. MC. 78, 90, 1729, 1730. ● Article 80. Contradiction and proof are incompatible; but this does not invalidate a judgement given against the person contradicting. Example:- Witnesses contradict themselves by going back upon the evidence they have given. Such evidence is not proof; but if the court has already given judgement based upon the original evidence, such judgement may not be set aside, but the witnesses must pay the value of the subject matter of the judgement to the persons against whom judgement has been given.
MC/81	Madde 81 — Asıl sâbit olmadığı halde fer'in sâbit olduğu vardır. Meselâ, bir kimse filanın filana şu kadar kuruş deyni vardır, ben dahi kefilim dese ve asil'in inkârı üzerine dâ'in iddi'â etse meblağ-ı mezburu kefilin vermesi lazım gelir. MC. 78, 1632. ● Article 81. Failure to establish the principle claim does not imply failure to establish a claim subsidiary thereto. Example:- A person states that A owes a sum of money to B and that he has the surety of A. Such person will be obliged to pay the sum in question if A repudiates the debt and B demands payment.
MC/82	Madde 82 — Şartin sübûtu indinde ana muallak olan şeyin sübûtu lazım olur. MC. 83, 84, 408, 494, 623, 1456, 1584.; TMK/2. ● Article 82. If the validity of a condition is established, the validity of anything dependent thereon must also be established.
MC/83	Madde 83 — Bi-kaderi'l-imkân şarta mürâat olunmak lâzım gelir. MC. 82, 84, 186, 187, 189, 287, 398, 468, 474, 777, 813, 884, 1073, 1166, 1420, 1337, 1402, 1561.; TMK. 2. ● Article 83. A condition must be observed as far as possible.
MC/84	Madde 84 - Va'dler suver-i ta'lîki iktisâ ile lazım olur. Meselâ, sen bu malı filan adama sat, eğer akçesini vermez ise ben veririm dese ve malı alan akçeyi vermese bu va'di eden kimsenin akçeyi vermesi lazım gelir. MC. 82, 83, 623. ● Article 84. Any promise dependent upon a condition is irrevocable upon such condition being fulfilled. Example:- A person tells A to sell a certain thing to B and informs A he will pay him in the event of B failing to do so, and B does in fact fail so to do. The person making the promise is obliged to pay the money.
MC/85	Madde 85 — Bir şeyin nefi zamânı mukâbelesindedir. Yani, bir şey telef olduğu takdirde hasârı kime âit ise anın zamanında demek olup ol kimsenin bu vechile zamanı ol şey ile intifâ'a mukâbil olur. Meselâ, hıyar-ı ayb ile reddolunan bir hayvanı müşteri kullanmış olmasından dolayı bâyi' ücret alamaz. Zira kablen-redd telef olaydı hasarı müşteriye ait olacaktı. MC. 86, 87, 88, 236, 344, 393, 891, 903. ● Article 85. The enjoyment of a thing is the compensating factor for any liability attaching thereto; that is to say, in the event of a thing being destroyed, the person to whom such thing belongs must suffer the loss and conversely may enjoy any advantages attaching thereto. Example:- An animal is returned by reason of an option for defect. The vendor may not charge any fee on account of the use of the animal, because if it had been fallen upon the purchaser.
MC/86	Madde 86 - Ücret ile zamân müctemi' olmaz. MC. 85, 87, 88, 416, 469, 511, 536, 545, 548, 551, 596. ● Article 86. Remuneration and liability to make good loss do not run together.
MC/87	Madde 87 - Mazarrat menfa'at mukâbelesindedir. Yani, bir şeyin menfa'atına nâil olan anın mazarratına da mütehammil olur. MC, 85, 86, 88, 292, 1073. 1152, 1308, 1316, 1319, 1324, 1327, 1328. ● Article 87. Disadvantage is an obligation accompanying enjoyment. That is to say, a person who enjoys a thing must submit to the disadvantages attaching thereto.
88	Madde 88 - Külfet ni'mete ve nümet külfete göredir. MC. 85, 86, 87. ● Article 88. The burden is in proportion to the benefit and the benefit to the burden.
89	Madde 89 - Bir fiilin hükmü fâiline muzâf kılınır ve mücbir olmadıkça âmirine muzaaf kılınmaz. MC 90, 92, 93, 95, 9. Kizp, 293. ● Article 89. The responsibility for an act falls upon the author thereof; it does not fall upon the person ordering such act to be performed, provided that such person does not compel the commission thereof.
90	Madde 90 - Mübâşir yani bizzat fâil ile mütesebbib müctemi' oldukda hükm ol fâile muzaf kılınır. Meselâ. birinin tarîk-i âmmda kazmış olduğu kuyuya diğeri, birinin hayvanını ilkâ ile itlâf ezse o zâmin olup kuyuyu hafr eden kimseye zamân lâzım gelmez. MC. 89, 91. 92 193, 922, 1828; TCK 52, 6467.; TBK. 41, vd. ● Article 90. If a person performs any act personally and is implicated therein with the person who is the cause thereof, the person performing such act is responsible thereof. Example:- A digs a well in the public highway and B causes C's animal to fall therein and to be destroyed. B is responsible thereof and no liability rests with the person who dug the well.
91	Madde 91 - Cevâz-ı şer'i zamâna münâfi olur. Meselâ, bir adamın kendi mülkünde kazmış olduğu kuyuya birinin hayvanı düşüp telef olsa zamân lazım gelmez. MC 92, 93, 796, 798, 822, 224, 875, 924, 1075, 1192.; TCK. 52, 64-67, 78, 49-51. ● Article 91. An act allowed by law cannot be made the subject of a claim to compensation. Example:- An animal belonging to A falls into a well which B has dug on his own property held in absolute ownership and such animal is destroyed . No compensation can be claimed.
92	Madde 92 - Mübâşir müteammid olmasa da zâmin olur. MC. 91, 93. 912, 913. 926; 41 vd. ● Article 92. A person who performs an act, even though not intentionally, is liable to make good any loss caused thereby.
93	Madde 93 - Mütesebbib müteammid olmadıkça zâmin olmaz. MC. 91, 93, 913, 924; TBK 41 ● Article 93. A person who is the cause of an act being performed is not liable to make good any loss caused by such act unless he has acted intentionally.
94	Madde 94 -Hayvanâtın kendiliğinden olarak cinâyet ve mazarratı hederdir. MC. 81, 929, 931, 932. 933.939 ● Article 94. No liability attaches in connection with offences of or damage caused by animals of their own accord.
95	Madde 95 - Gayrın mülkünde tasarrufla emretmek bâtıldır. MC. 96, 97, 125, 657, 1007, 1510.: TEK. 411, 413.; 900 vd. ● Article 95. Any order given for dealing with the property of any other person held in absolute ownership is void.
96	Madde 96 - Bir kimsenin mülkünde anın izni olmaksızın âhar bir kimsenin tasarruf etmesi câiz değildir. MC, MC/27, MC/45, MC/95, MC/97, MC/365.MC/446*MC/799, MC/857, MC/919, MC/1075, MC/1078, MC/1079, MC/1459, MC/1546. ● Article 96. No person may deal with the property of another held in absolute ownership without suchperson's permission.
97	Madde 97 - Bilâ-sebeb-i meşrü' birinin malını bir kimsenin ahz eylemesi câiz olmaz. MC. 95, 96, 369, MC/891, MC/889.; TMK. 2.; TBK 61, 41 ● Article 97. No person may take another person's property without some legal reason.
98	Madde 98 - Bir şeyde sebeb-i temellükün tebeddülü ol şeyin tebeddülü makâmına kâimdir. MC. 255, 869.● Article 98. Any change is the cause of the ownership of a thing held in absolute ownership is equivalent to a change in that thing itself.
99	Madde 99 — Kim ki bir şeyi vaktinden evvel isti'câl eyler ise mahrûmiyetle mu'âteb olur. TMK. 285-286.; TCK. 343, 477.● Article 99. Any person who hastens the accomplishment of a thing before its due time, is punished by being deprived thereof.
100	Madde 100 — Her kim ki kendi tarafından tamam olan şeyi nakz etmeğe sa'y ederse sa'yi merduttur. MC. 19, 356, 368, 616, 898, 1658.; TMK. 3-4. ● Article 100. If any person seeks to disavow any act performed by himself, such attempt is entirely disregarded.

g • t • d MECELLE: 2.Kitap (Boş):Kitab'ul İcârât.(Boş) Majalla/BOOK II (Dolu)
İcar . İcâr . İcârât . Hire (Adam kiralama, Arapça ecir) . Rent (Mülk kiralama). Kira . Kiralar . 1. a person who has been hired, especially in a cohort; 2. to exchange the services of for remuneration; 3. the state of being hired, or having a job; employment;
İcar	İcarat . İcar . İcâr . İcâre . İcâreten
Müstecir .	Kiralayan . Kiracı . Müstecirin vazifeleri . Renter formerly, law renter, tenant, lessee leaseholder
Mücir	Mücir . Mücirin vazifeleri
Mecur	Kiralanan
MC/	.
.

g • t • d MECELLE: 10.Kitap:KİTAB'UL ŞİRKET • Majalla:BOOK X: JOINT OWNERSHIP
x
İstilahat	Terminoloji: Şirket (JOINT)
Kitab-ı Şirket/Düz metin

g • t • d MECELLE :13.KİTAP: KİTÂBÜ'L-İKRÂR (İKRAR KİTABI) KİTÂB-I SÂLİS-İ AŞAR İKRAR HAKKINDA OLUP DÖRT BÂBI MÜŞTEMİLDİR BÂB-I EVVEL:İKRÂRIN ŞERÂ'İTİ BEYANINDADIR
MADDE 1572 - İkrâr, bir kimse diğer kinmesnenin kendisinde olan hakkını haber vermekdir. Ol kimseye mukirr ve ol kimesneye mukarrun leh ve ol hakka mukarrun bih denilir.
Terimler (Istılahat)	İkrar . Mukirr .Mukarrun leh . Mukarrun bih
Şerati(Şartları)	x

g • t • d MECELLE: 15.KİTAP: KBVT .KİTÂBÜ'L-BEYYİNÂT VE'T-TAHLîF . KBVT/Düz metin . Kitab-ı Beyyinat ve Tehalif eski. Kitab-ı beyyinat ve tehalif yeni buna yönlendir . DRİVE
Beyyine külfeti
Istılahat (Terimler	Tevatür. Beyyine . Beyyinât. Beyyinat. Tehalif.
KBVT/Fasl-ı Evvel	İlk fasıl:

g • t • d MECELLE: 16. KİTAP Kitab-ı Kaza (ANA)- KİTÂBÜ'L-KAZÂ - KİTÂB-I SÂDİS-İ AŞAR :KAZÂ HAKKINDA OLUP BİR MUKADDİME İLE DÖRT BÂBI MÜŞTEMİLDİR Kitab-ı Kaza/Günümüz Türkçesiyle Karşılaştırılmalı ve güncel Türkçe olup Güncel Türkesi gözden geçirilip mukayeler geliştirilmelidir. KİTÂBÜ'L-KAZÂ/Düz metin
Mukaddime	Kitab-ı Kaza/Mukaddime : Bâzı Istılâhât-ı fıkhiyye beyânındadır.Kazâ hüküm ve hâkimlik ma'nâlarına gelir. Madde 1785 - Hâkim beyne'n-nâs vuku bulan da'vâ ve muhâsamayı ahkâm-ı meşrûiasına tevfikan fasl ve hasm için taraf-ı sultânîden nasb u ta'yîn buyurulan zâttır. MC/1805. Madde 1786 - Hüküm, hâkimin muhâsamayı kat' ve hasmeylemesidir. Madde 1784 Kazâ hüküm ve hâkimlik ma'nâlarına gelir. Madde 1785 - Hâkim beyne'n-nâs vuku bulan da'vâ ve muhâsamayı ahkâm-ı meşrûiasına tevfikan fasl ve hasm için taraf-ı sultânîden nasb u ta'yîn buyurulan zâttır. Madde 1786 - Hüküm, hâkimin muhâsamayı kat' ve hasmeylemesidir. Bu dahi iki kısımdır. Kısm-ı evvel: Hâkimin hükmettim; iddi'â olunan şeyi ver demek gibi sözler ile mahkûmun bihi mahkûmun aleyhe ilzâm etmesi yani lâzım kılmasıdır. İşte buna kazâ-i ilzam ve kazâ-i istihkâm denilir. Kısm-ı Sânî: Hakkın yokdur, münâza'adan memnû'sun demek gibi sözler ile hâkimin müdde'îyi münâza'adan men' etmesidir. Buna dahi kazâ-i terk denilir. MC. 1331.; HUMK. 388-393. Madde 1787 — Mahkûmun bih, hâkimin mahkûmun aleyhe ilzâm ettiği şeylerdir ki, kazâ-i ilzam müdde'înin hakkını îfâ etmesi ve kazâ-i terkde müdde'înin münâza'adan vazgeçmesidir.MC. 1619. Madde 1788 - Mahkûmun aleyh, aleyhine hükmolunan kimesnedir. MC. 1676. Madde 1789 — Mahkûmun leh, lehine hükmolunan kimsedir. MC. 1697. Madde 1790 Tahkîm hasmeynin husûmet ve da'vâlarını fasl için rızâları ile âhar kimseyi hâkim ittihaz etmelerinden ibârettir. Ol kimseye fethateyn ile hakem ve mimlin zammı ve hâ'nın fethi ve kâf-ı müşeddede-i meftûha ile muhakkem denilir. Madde 1791 - Vekîl-i musahhar, mahkemeye ihzâr olunamayan müdde'â aleyhe hâkim tarafından nasb olunan vekîldir, MC, 1844.
Hakim	Kitab-ı Kaza/BÂB-I EVVEL : 1 Fasl-ı Evvel :Hâkimin evsâfı beyânındadır. 2 Fasl-ı Sânî: Hâkimin âdâbı beyânındadır. 3 Fasl-ı Sâlis:Hâkimin vezâ'ifi beyânındadır. 4 Fasl-ı Râbii :Sûret-i muhâkemeye dâirdir.
Hüküm	BÂB-I SÂNÎ :1 Fasl-ı Evvel: Hükmün şurûtu beyânındadır . 2 Fasl-ı Sâni: Hükm-i gıyâbî beyânındadır.
Davanın rüyeti	BÂB-I SÂLİS: DA'VÂNIN BADEL-HÜKM RÜYETİ HAKKINDADIR.
Tahkim	BÂB-I RÂBİ' . TAHKîME DÂiR MESÂİL BEYÂNINDADIR
HÜKKÂMA DÂiR OLUP DÖRT FASLI HÂVîDİR Fasl-ı Evvel: Hâkimin evsâfi beyânındadır Madde 1792 Hâkim, hakîm, fehîm, müstakîm ve emîn, mekîn, metîn olmalıdır. Madde 1793 - Hâkim mesâ'il-i fıkhiyyeye ve usûl-i muhâkemeye vâkıf ve deâvî-i vâkıfayı onlara tatbîkan fasl ve hasma muktedir olmalıdır. Madde 1794 Hâkimin temyîz-i tâmma muktedir olması lâzımdır. Fasl-ı Sânî: Hâkimin âdâbı beyânındadır Madde 1795 alış veriş ve mülâtefe Madde 1796 - Hâkim iki hasımdan hiçbirisinin hediyesini kabul etmez. Madde 1797 mütehâkimeynin ziyâfetine gitmez.Madde 1798 hânesine kabûl etmek ve biriyle halvet veyahut ikisinden birisine el ya göz veya baş ile işâret eylemek veya onlardan birisine gizli lakırdı yahut diğerinin bilmediği lisan ile söz söylemek gibi Madde 1799 -- Hâkim beyne'l-hasmeyn adl ile me'mûrdur. Binâenaleyh tarafeynden biri her ne kadar eşrâfdan ve diğeri ahâd-ı nâsdan olsa bile hîn-i muhâkemede tarafeyni oturtmak ve kendilerine imâle-i nazar ve hitâb etmek gibi muhâkemeye müte'allık muhâkemâtda tamâmıyla adi ve müsâvât ri'âyet etmesi lâzımdır.Fasl-ı Sânî: Hâkimin vezâ'ifi beyânındadır Madde 1800 - Hâkim, taraf-1 Sultândan icrây-ı muhâkemeye ve hükme vekildir, Madde 1801 -- Kazâ, zaman 've makân ile ve bazı husûsâtın istisnâsı ile tekayyüd ve tahassus eder. Ve bir mahkeme-i mu'ayyenede hükmetmek üzere nasbolunan hâkim ancak ol mahkemede hükmedip diğer bir mahalde hükmedemez. Ve kezâlik maslahat-ı âmme mülâhaza-i âdilesine binâen filan husûsa müteiallik da'vâ istimâ' olunmaya deyu emr-i sultânî sâdır olsa hâkim ol dalvâyı istimâd ve hükmedemez. Veyahut bir mahkeme hâkimi bazı husûsât-ı mu'ayyene istimâ'ına me'zûn olup da mâ'adâsını istimâ'a me'zûn olmasa ol hâkim ancak me'zûn olduğu husûsâtı istimâ' ve hükmeder. Mâladâsını istimâ' ve ve hükmedemez. Ve kezâlik bir müctehidin bir hususda re'yi, nâsa erfak ve maslahat-ı asra evfak olduğuna binâen onun re'yi ile amel olunmak üzere emr-i sultânî sâdır olsa ol husûsda hâkim ol müctehidin re'yine münâfi dîğer bir müctehidin re'yi ile amel edemez, ederse hükmü nâfiz olmaz. Madde 1802 - Bir da'vâyı malan istimâ' ve hükmetmek üzre nasb olunan iki hâkimden yalnız birisi ol da'vâyı istimâ' ve hükmedemez; ederse hükmü nâfiz olmaz. (1465.) maddeye bak. Madde 1803 - Mütedaddid hâkimi olan beldede hasmeynden birisi bir hâkimin ve diğer öbür hâkimin huzûrunda murâfa'a olmak isteyip de bu vechile beynlerinde ihtilâfvâki' olsa müddetâ aleyhin iddi'â eylediği hâkim tercih olunur. Madde 1804 - Bir hâkimin azli Madde 1806 Hâkimin istimâ' eylediği beyyine ile kendisi hükmedebilir. nâ'ib de . Şöyle ki, hâkim bir da'vâ hakkında beyyine istimâ'ı ve nâ'ibe ihbâr eylese nâ'ibi i'âde-i beyyine etmeksizin hâkimin ihbârı ile hükmedebilir ve hükme me'zûn olan nâ'ib bir husûsda beyyine istimâl edip de hâkime inhâ eylese hâkim i'âde-i beyyine etmeksizin nâ'ibin inhâsı ile hükmedebilir ammâ hükme me'zûn olmayıp da ancak tedkik ve istikşâf için beyyine istimâ'ına memûr olan kimsenin inhâsı ile hâkim hükmedemeyip bizzat istimâ'-ı beyyine etmesi lâzımdır. Madde 1807 Başka kazada hakimlik Madde 1808 - Davaya bakma yasagı Madde 1809 - Bir belde hâkiminin bir kimesne ile da'vâsı olduğu sûretde ol beldede dîğer hâkim varsa onun huzûrunda murâfa'a olurlar. muvellâ istid'â etmek. Madde 1810 - Hâkim ru'yet-i da'vâda el-akdemü fe'l-akdem kâ'idesine ri'âyet etmelidir. Madde 1811 istiftâ' etmesi câizdir. Madde 1812 - Hâkim, ğam ve ğussa ve açlık ve ğalebe-i nevm gibi sıhhat-ı tefekkküre mâni' olabilecek bir ârıza ile zihni müşevveş olduğu halde hükme tesaddî etmemelidir. Madde 1813 Hâkim murâfa'âtda icrây-ı tedkîkât etmekle beraber işi sürüncemede bırakmamalıdır.Madde 1814 sicillât defteri ilâmât ve senedâtı kayd muhafaza devir Fasl-ı Râbii:Sûret-i muhâkemeye dâirdir.Madde 1815 Hâkim muhâkemeye alenen icrâ eder. Fakat kable'l-hükm ne vechile hükmedileceğini ifşâ etmez. Madde 1816 — Hâkim evvelen müdde'îye da'vâsını takrîr ettirir. Ve evvelce da'vâsı tahrîren zabt olunmuş ise, davayı kırâaat ile mazmûnu kendisine tasdîk ettirilir . Madde 1817 Müddde'â aleyh, inkâr ederse hâkim müdde'îden beyyine talep eder. Madde 1818 müdde'â aleyhe yemîn teklîfi . Madde 1819Müddeinin yemin vermemesi Madde 1820 . nükûl . Madde 1821. Madde 1822 — sükut inkar sayılır.Madde 1823. Madde 1824 .Madde 1825 .Madde 1826.Madde 1827 BÂB-I SÂNÎ:HÜKME DÂiR OLUP İKİ FASLI MÜŞTEMİLDİR Fasl-ı Evvel:Hükmün şurûtu beyânındadır Madde 1829 Hükümde sebka-i da'vâ şartdır. Da'vâ sebk etmeden vukû' bulan hüküm sahîh olmaz. Madde 1830 -Madde 1831 Müdde'â aleyhin vekîli muvâcehesinde ikâme-i beyyine olundukdan sonra müdde'â aleyh bizzat meclis-i hükme hâzır olsa hâkim beyyine ile müddeâ aleyh üzerine hükmedebilir, Ve bilakis müddetâ aleyhin muvâcehesinde ikâme-i beyyine olundukdan sonra vekil meclise hâzır olsa hâkim ol beyyine ile vekîlin üzerine hükmedebelir. Fals-ı Sâni:Hükm-i gıyâbî Madde 1833 Madde 1834 Madde 1835 Madde 1836 BÂB-I SÂLiS:DA'VÂNIN BADEL-HÜKM RÜYETİ Madde 1837 Madde 1839 Madde 1840 BÂB-I RÂBİ':TAHKîMMadde 1841 Hukûk-ı nâsa mütedallık mal da'vâlarında tahkîm câizdir,Madde 1842 Madde 1843 Mahkemenin taaddüdü Madde 1844 Madde 1845 .Madde 1846 .Madde 1847.Madde 1848.Madde 1849- Madde 1850 - Madde 1851

g • t • d ARAPÇA Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliye • مجلة احكام عدلى Mecelle Esbâb-ı Mûcibe Mazbatası . Mecelle/Sadaretin Arzı ve İrade-i Seniyye . Mecelle/Mukaddime . Majalla/Introduction . Majalla/Part I. Majalla/ PART II Mecelle/İlk 100 MADDE: MC/1. MC/2. Mecelle'den seçme hükümler güzel medeni kanun hükümleri Mecellenin külli kaideleri. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Osmanlıca. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça Osmanlıca Türkçe. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Türkçe kelime izahlı. Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arabi Türki İzahlı ve Şerhli. Mecelle/Hukukun Kavaid-i Külliyesi.
son çalışmalar:Osmanlıca PDF mecelle• İddianame için: mütevatirin aleyhine Beyyine kabul olunmaz. Madde 73.md Hatası zahir olan zanna itibar yoktur MM hocası Atıf Bey şerhi - Archive org Atif bey mecelle Şerhi
Esbabı Mucibe	Mecelle Esbâb-ı Mûcibe Mazbatası .
Arz-ı Sadaret	Mecelle/Sadaretin Arzı ve İrade-i Seniyye .
Mukaddime	Mecelle/Mukaddime Majalla/Introduction .MAJALLA . Majalla/Part I. Majalla/ PART II
Mecelle/İlk 100 MADDE	MC/1. MC/2. Mecelle'den seçme hükümler güzel medeni kanun hümleri Mecellenin külli kaideleri Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi - Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Osmanlıca Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arapça Osmanlıca Türkçe Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Türkçe kelime izahlı Mecellenin ilk 100 maddesi/Arabi Türki İzahlı ve Şerhli Mecelle/Hukukun Kavaid-i Külliyesi
Mecelle/Kitaplar	Mukaddime . Mecelle/Kitaplar: Kitab-ı Büyu’ Kitab-ı Dava : Mecelle'de şahit maddeleri [9]:591: Şehadetin tarifi ve nisabı - 591 Şehadetin keyfiyeti edası - 591 Şehadetin şurutu esasiyesi - 591 Şehadetin davaya muvafakatı s599- Şahitlerin ihtilafı s603 - karinei katı'a beyanında syf614 - Kitab-í beyyinat ve tehalifs.589 Tahlif breyanında - Tercih-i beyanat ve tahlif - Tenazu-u bil-eyd -Tercih-i beyanat - Tehalüfe dairs630 - Söz kimin olduğuna ve tahkim- i hale dair s 628- Kitab-u Kaza - Hakime dair dört fası s638 Hakimin evsafı s 638 - Hakimin adabı - Hakimin vezaifi - Hükme dair 648 - Hükmün şurutu s 648
PDF	Mecelle/PDFleri PDF Osmanlıca mecelle• Dosya:ENG Ottoman Majalle (Civil Law).pdf Dosya:232(1).pdf MM hocası Atıf Bey şerhi - Archive org Atif bey serhi Kitab-ı Dava -Kitab-ı beyyinat ve tehalif Doc kitabi dava• Kitab-ı Kaza• •Mecellenin külli kaideleri Mecelle/English
Türki	Mecelle/Türkçe Temyiz Reisi Ali Haydar Efendi Dürer-ül Hükkam şerhi
ARABİ	Mecelle/Arabi Mecelle/Arapça : Salim bin Rüstem Baz Şerh-ül Mecelle شرح المجل• درر الحكام شرح مجلة الأحكام المؤلف: علي حيدر درر الحكام شرح مجلة الأحكام; المؤلف: علي حيدر; حالة الفهرسة: مفهرس فهرسة كاملة; الناشر: دار عالم الكتب; شرح المجلة (مجلة الأحكام العدلية الفقهية) تأليف: سليم رستم الباز Şerh-ül fıkıh
Fransizca	Mecelle/Fransızca şerhi G.Sinapian Code Civil Ottoman
English	Mecelle/English : AL-MAJALLA AL AHKAM AL ADALIYYAH (The Ottoman Courts Manual )
Rumca	Mecelle/Rumca
Şerh	Mecelle şerhleri : Dürerül Hükkam Şerhu Mecelletil Ahkam- Hocaefendizade- Ali Haydar EFENDİ - Mir'at-i mecelle Mecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliyeden Kitab ül-Beyyinat ve Tahlif Atıf Bey Kuyucaklızade
Kısımları	Baslangiç, Fikih Temel bilgileri olup, yüz birden dört yüz üçüncü maddeye kadardir. Ikinci kisim, Kirâ bilgileri olup, alti yüz on birinci maddeye kadardir. Üçüncü kisim, Kefil Olmak bilgileridir. Alti yüz yetmis ikinci maddeye kadardir. Dördüncü kisim Havâle bilgisi, yedi yüzüncü maddeye kadardir. Besinci kisim, Rehin olup, yedi yüz altmis birinci maddeye kadardir. Altinci kisim, Emânet’tir. Sekiz yüz otuz ikinci maddeye kadardir. Yedinci kisim, Hibe bagislamaktir. Sekiz yüz sekseninci maddeye kadardir. Sekizinci kisim, Gasb ve Zarar’dir. Dokuz yüz kirkinci maddeye kadardir. Dokuzuncu kisim, Hicr ve Ikrâh’dir. Bin kirk dördüncü maddeye kadardir. Onuncu kisim, Şirketler ve Sosyal Bilgiler’dir. Bin dört yüz kirk sekizinci maddeye kadardir. On birinci kisim, Vekâlet’tir. Bin bes yüz otuzuncu maddeye kadardir. On ikinci kisim, Sulh ve Afv’dir. Bin bes yüz yetmis birinci maddeye kadardir. On üçüncü kisim, Ikrâr’dir. Bin alti yüz on ikinci maddeye kadardir. On dördüncü kisim, Da’va’dir. Bin alti yüz yetmis besinci maddeye kadardir. On besinci kisim, Isbât ve Yemin’dir. Bin yedi yüz seksen üçüncü maddeye kadardir. On altinci kisim, Hâkimlik’tir. Bin sekiz yüz elli birinci maddeye kadardir.
Ahkam	Mecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliye
Şerh	Mecelle şerhleri : Dürerül Hükkam Şerhu Mecelletil Ahkam- Hocaefendizade- Ali Haydar EFENDİ - Mir'at-i mecelle Mecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliyeden Kitab ül-Beyyinat ve Tahlif Atıf Bey Kuyucaklızade
Kısımları	Baslangiç, Fikih Temel bilgileri olup, yüz birden dört yüz üçüncü maddeye kadardir. Ikinci kisim, Kirâ bilgileri olup, alti yüz on birinci maddeye kadardir. Üçüncü kisim, Kefil Olmak bilgileridir. Alti yüz yetmis ikinci maddeye kadardir
Çalışmalar	Tafsili Mecelle - İcmali Mecelle - İzahlı Mecelle - Mecelle şerhi - Mecelle Taramaları - Osmanlıca Mecelle - Mecelle/Şerhleri- Karşılaştırmalı Mecelle-i Ahkam-ı Adliye: Mecelle Ta'dilleri ve ...
Mecelle kartelası . Mecelle'nin Tadili

g • t • d FRANSIZCA :Mecelle/Fransızca . Le Medjellé (ou « la Medjellé » ; en turc : Mecelle, de l'arabe مجلة / majalla), aussi appelé « le Code civil ottoman », était composé de 16 livres et entra en vigueur en 1876 . Bu çalışmanın internette sayısal kelime işlemci olarak ilk kez sunulmasının öncülüğü Eyüp Sabri Kartal'a aittir. Mecelle/Tercümeleri . Mecelle/RAPORT ADRESSÉ A S. A. LE GRAND-VIZIR .Mecelle/Fransızca/SECTION I. Mecelle/Fransızca/SECTION II Principes fondamentaux du Droit Sacré : Macelle/Fransızca/1+99
Mevzuat/Fransızca (Lagislation Ottomane) . Dosya:Osmanlı mevzuatı Fransızca procsverbaldepa00oriegoog.pdf - Dosya:Mecelle Fransızca Majalla .pdf - Dosya:Mecelle Ftansızca legislation ottom02nikogoog.pdf . Dosya:Hello.pdf Bir sayfa -Dosya:Mecelle Fransızca Majalla .pdf - (Demetrius Nicolaides, Code Civil Ottoman, İstanbul 1881; G. Young, Corps de Droit Ottoman, Oxford 1906, VI, 169-446) Girit üniversitesi taramalarında 6 basımıda mevcut [10] (lütfen bizim üniversitelere yuh falan demeyiniz.. Yazıklar olsun demeyiniz...
Takdim	Dimitri Nikolaidi Takdimi - AVERTISSEMENT DE L'ÉDITEUR
Rapport	Mecelle/RAPORT ADRESSÉ A S. A. LE GRAND-VIZIR
Section I	Mecelle/Fransızca/SECTION I
Maxims	Mecelle/Fransızca/SECTION II : Principes fondamentaux du Droit Sacré : Macelle/Fransızca/1+99

g • t • d MECELLE: Mecelle cemiyeti
Başkan : Ahmet Cevdet Paşa
Üyeler	1) Filibeli Halil Efendi, 2) Seyfeddin İsmail Efendi, 3) Sirvanizâde Seyyid Ahmed Hulûsi Efendi, 4) Ahmed Hilmi Efendi, 5) Bağdatlı Muhammed Emin Efendi, 6) İbn-i Âbidinzâde Alâeddin Efendi, 7) Gerdankıran Ömer Hulûsi Efendi, 8) Şeyhülislâm Kara Halil Efendi, 9) İsa Ruhî Efendi, 10) Yunus Vehbi Efendi, 11) Abdüllatif Şükrü Efendi, 12) Ahmed Hâlid Efendi, 13) Karinâbadli Ömer Hilmi Efendi, 14) Abdüssettar Efendi
Oluşumu	Hanefî fıkhından muktebes bir medenî kanun vücuda getirmek için Celaleddin Devvanî’nin Def-i Mezâlim adlı eserinden mülhem olarak, şer‘î mahkemelerin yanı başında nizamiye mahkemelerinin bulunmasında bir mahzûr görmeyen Cevdet Paşa’nın muârızları ile olan mücâdelesi şöyle hulâsa olunabilir: Başta Fransa elçisi olmak üzere muârızları 1804 tarihli Fransız Medenî Kanunu’nun kabulüne taraftar idiler. Ticâret nazırı Kabulî Paşa Fransız Codé Civil’ini Türkçe’ye tercüme ettirerek tasdik için Meclis-i Vükelâ’ya getirmiş idi. Bu husûsun müzâkeresi için havâss-ı vükelâdan mürekkeb encümende Fuad Paşa’nın söylediği nutuktan, Şirvânî-zâde Rüşdi Paşa ile Cevdet Paşa tarafından gösterilen delîlleri dinledikten sonra, fıkıh kitaplarından muâmelâta dair, zamanın icaplarına uygun olan meseleleri toplayarak, Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliye namı ile bir kitap kaleme alınmak üzere Cevdet Paşa’nın reisliği altında memleketin değerli âlimlerinden müteşekkil bir ilim cemiyeti kurulmasına karar verilmiştir. İşte Mecelle Cemiyeti diye meşhûr olan ilim cemiyeti budur. Cevdet Paşa Mecelle’nin ehemmiyetinden bahsederken, bunun bütün nizamî mahkemelerde tatbik edildiğini, Kıbrıs’ta bile İngilizler tarafından mer‘î tutulduğunu, Bulgaristan Emâreti’nin teşekkülünde Bulgarların önce Mecelle’yi kendi lisanlarına tercüme ederek kanunlarına esas olarak aldıklarını söylemiştir.
Tarihçesi	Mecelle’nin mukaddimesi ile birinci kitabı olan Bey’ 1286’da, 2. kitabı olan İcâre 1286’da, 3. kitabı olan Kefâlet 1287’de hazırlanmış ve ertesi senenin Muharrem’inde irâdesi alınmıştır. Yine bu sene Mecelle’nin 4. kitabı olan Havâle hazırlanmış ise de, bu bâbdaki cemiyet mazbatası epeyce çetin müzâkerelere marûz kalmıştır. Bu mazbatanın Sâdaret makamına takdiminden 8 gün sonra Divan-ı Ahkâm-ı Adliye nezâretinden azlolunan Cevdet Paşa’nın cemiyetten uzaklaştırılmış bulunması yüzünden çalışmalar aksamış ve bu kitap ancak senenin sonlarına doğru padişahın tasdikına sunulmuştur. 1287 senesi Şevvâl’inde Mecelle’nin 5. kitabı olan Rehin hazırlanıp Sâdaret makamına gönderilmiştir. Cevdet Paşa azledilmeden önce bu kitap oldukça hazırlanmış ve yazdığı müsveddeler kısmen tebyiz edilmiş idi. Yalnız rehinin son bahisleri olan akdin hükümlerinde bir eksiklik kalıp kalmadığını hakkı ile tetkike vakit kalmadan reislikten ayrılması üzerine fıkıhta rehinin en büyük hükmü sayılan, merhûnun telefi halinde borcun sukuta uğrayacağının tasrihi unutulmuştur. Cevdet Paşa’nın azlinden sonra zayıf bir surette teşekkül eden cemiyetin 6. kitabı olarak hazırladığı Vedia evvelki kitaplara uygun düşmediğinden her taraftan yapılan itirazlar ve tenkitler üzerine Cevdet Paşa’yı tekrar iş başına getirmek zarureti hâsıl olmuş ve bunun yerine vedia meselelerini de bir bâb halinde ihtivâ eylemek üzere Emânât kitabı yazılmıştır. 1289 yılı başlangıcında 7. kitap olan Hibe ve 8. kitap olan Gasp ve İtlaf neşredilmiştir. Bu kitapların baskı işleri ile uğraşıldığı sırada Mahmud Nedim Paşa’nın sadâret makamına gelmesi üzerine Cevdet Paşa tekrar cemiyet başından alınarak, arzusu hilâfına, Maraş valiliğine gönderilmiş ve bu yüzden yine bu iş yarım kalmıştır. Maraş vilâyetinin ilgâsı üzerine, İstanbul’a dönen Cevdet Paşa, sadrâzam Midhat Paşa tarafından, Mecelle’nin hazırlanmasına memur edildiğinden Hacir-İkrâh-Şüf’a adlı 9. kitap kaleme alınmıştır. Midhat Paşa’nın bu işe karşı gösterdiği husûsî alâka dolayısı ile toplantı yeri Bâb-ı Fetvâ’dan Bâbıâli’ye nakledilmiş olması yüzünden, Cevdet Paşa kendisini daha serbest bir muhitte bulmuş ve bu devrede hazırlanan kitapları, ilk devredekiler gibi, mûcip sebeplere dayanmak ve asrın yenilik bakımından olan icapları gözönüne alınmak suretiyle kaleme alınmıştır. 9. ve 10. Kitaplar, ihtivâ ettikleri hükümler bakımından, çok zengindir. Bunlar Bâbıâli vasıtası ile değil, Şeyhülislâm Turşucuzâde Ahmed Muhtar Efendi vasıtası ile, doğrudan doğruya padişaha sunularak, tasdik ettirilmiş ve keyfiyet Bâbıâli’ye Meşihat Dâiresi tarafından bildirilmiştir. Şeyhülislâmın eski an’anede mevcut bulunan bu salâhiyetini 1293 Kanun-ı Esasî’si dahi teyit etmiştir. Meşrutiyet’in ikinci defa ilânından sonra da bu kanunun esaslı surette değiştirilen maddelerinden biri olan 29. maddenin son fıkrasında da “Şeyhülislâm muhtâc-ı müzâkere olmayan mevâddı doğrudan doğruya arzeder” kaydı vardır. Şeyhülislâmın yazılı olmayan hükümlerde imamların kavillerinden biri yerine diğerini koymak için “imam-ı müslimîn”e yapacağı arzın müzâkereye muhtac bir keyfiyet sayılmayacağı da âşikârdır. 1291 senesinde 10. kitap olan Şirket bastırılmış ve 11. kitap olan Vekâlet ve 12. kitap olan Sulh ve İbrâ’ya ait çalışmalar bitirilmiştir. Akşehirli Hasan Fehmi Efendi’nin yeniden şeyhülislâm olması üzerine kitapları Bâbıâli vasıtası ile arzı usûlüne dönülmüş ise de bu 12. kitaba ait mazbata Sadâret’e takdim olunmadan Cevdet Paşa’nın âni olarak Yanya valiliğine tayin olunması sebebi ile çalışmaları yine yüz üstü kalmıştır. Mâmafih Yanya’ya gittikten sonra da Cevdet Paşa, gayr-i resmî olarak, bu cemiyetin işleri ile uğraşmıştır. Halbuki ikinci defa Maarif nazırlığına tayin olunduktan sonra bu husûstaki çalışmalarını az çok gevşetmiştir. Mâmafih Adliye nazırlığına ikinci defa gelen Cevdet Paşa’nın Mecelle’de bırakılan noksanı nezârete ilave olunan ticâret mahkemeleri dolayısı ile pek yakından hissetmesi ve usûl-i muhakemenin esaslı ve sâlim kaidelere raptının âcil bir ihtiyac halini alması üzerine, hukuk muhâkemesi usûlüne ait hükümleri de ihtivâ edecek olan Mecelle çalışmaları hızlanmış ve bu sırada cemiyetce tamamlanan ve 13. kitap olan İkrâr’ı Adliye nazırı unvanı ile imzalamıştır. 14. kitap olan Dâva 1293’te irâdeye sunulmuştur ve bunu 15. kitap olan Beyyinât ve müteâkıben 16. ve sonuncu olan Kazâ kitabı tâkip etmiştir. Bundan sonra cemiyet kasâme meselesi ile uğraşmış, mahkemelerce tatbikatta pek çok güçlüklere sebebiyet veren bu güç iş de irâdeye sunulan bir müzekkere ile sağlam esasa bağlanmıştır. Sultan Abdülhamid II.’in günden güne artan vehmi, cemiyete iştirâk edenlerin sayısı ne kadar az olursa olsun her toplantıyı endişe ile karşılaması yüzünden çalışmaları felce uğratmış ve Mecelle’nin 16. kitabından sonraki kitapların takdiminden vazgeçilmiştir.
Mütealalar	Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır, 1909 yılında kaleme aldığı Mehâkim-i Şer’iyye ve Hükkâm-ı Şer’ Kanunu ve Esbâb-ı Mûcibe Mazbatası’nda “kanun-ı medenîmiz” olan Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliye ve Mecelle Cemiyeti hakkında şunları söylüyordu: “(…) bu devirler içinde yalnız Mecelle Cem’iyyet-i Celîlesi’nin eser-i himmeti olan kanûn-ı medenîmiz, kuvve-i kazâiyyemiz nâmına bir vesîle-i ibtihâc teşkil edebilirdi. Cem’iyyet-i müşârun ileyhânın idâmesiyle teşkîlât-ı adliyemizin ikmâline kadar o himmete mürâcaat olunmuş olaydı, Osmanlılar bugün pek muntazam bir kuvve-i kazâiyyeye mâlik olurlardı.”
Cevdet Paşa 1303 (h.) tarihinde 5. defa Adliye nazırlığına gelince, Mecelle işleri ile yeniden uğraşmaya imkân bulmuş ise de, eski arkadaşlarından yalnız Karin-abatlı Ömer Hilmi Efendi kalmış ve yeniden âzâ tayin edilenler ile cemiyet eski tecânüsünü kaybetmiştir. Nihâyet Bâb-ı Fetvâ’daki ictimâlar Abdülhamid II.’in vehimini arttırdığından Cevdet Paşa’ya yapılan itaptan ve Sadrâzam Said Paşa’nın padişahın arzusuna uygun mütâleası alındıktan sonra 26 Cemâziyelevvel 1306 tarihli irâde ile cemiyet ilgâ olunmuş ve Mecelle mesâisi resmen nihâyet bulmuştur.

g • t • d MECELLE: 1.Kitap:Kitab-ul Büyu' .Book I:Sale
Sale - Büyu' - ALIŞ VERİŞ]]
MC/101	.

Majalla/BOOK I

BOOK 1. SALE.[]

TERMS OF TURKIC JURISPRUDENCE RELATING TO SALE.[]

CHAPTER I. THE CONTRACT OF SALE.[]

SECTION I. FUNDAMENTAL BASIS OF SALE.[]

SECTION II. AGREEMENT OF ACCEPTANCE WITH OFFER.[]

SECTION III. THE PLACE WHERE THE SALE IS CONCLUDED.[]

SECTION IV. SALE SUBJECT TO A CONDITION.[]

SECTION V RESCISSION OF THE SALE.[]

CHAPTER II. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE SALE.[]

SECTION I. Conditions affecting the subject matter of the sale and description.[]

SECTION II. Things which may and may not be sold.[]

SECTION III. PROCEDURE AT THE SALE.[]

SECTION IV. MATTERS INCLUDED BUT NOT EXPLICITLY MENTIONED IN THE SALE.[]

CHAPTER III. MATTERS RELATING TO PRICE.[]

SECTION I. NATURE OF AND CIRCUMSTANCES AFFECTING PRICE.[]

SECTION II. SALE SUBJECT TO PAYMENT AT A FUTURE DATE.[]

CHAPTER IV. POWER TO DEAL WITH THE PRICE AND THE THING SOLD AFTER THE SALE.[]

SECTION I. RIGHT OF VENDOR TO DISPOSE OF THE PRICE AND OF THE PURCHASER TO DISPOSE OF THE THING SOLD AFTER THE CONCLUSION OF THE CONTRACT AND PRIOR TO DELIVERY.[]

SECTION II. INCREASE AND DECREASE IN THE PRICE AND IN THE THING SOLD AFTER THE CONCLUSION OF THE CONTRACT.[]

CHAPTER V. GIVING AND TAKING DELIVERY.[]

SECTION I. PROCEDURE ON GIVING AND TAKING DELIVERY.[]

SECTION II. RIGHT OF RETENTION OVER THE THING SOLD.[]

SECTION III. THE PLACE OF DELIVERY.[]

SECTION IV. EXPENSES CONNECTED WITH DELIVERY.[]

SECTION V. DESTRUCTION OF THE THING SOLD.[]

SECTION VI. SALE ON APPROVAL AND SUBJECT TO INSPECTION.[]

CHAPTER VI. OPTIONS.[]

SECTION I. CONTRACTUAL OPTIONS[]

SECTION II. OPTION FOR MISDESCRIPTION.[]

MISDESCRIPTION.[]

SECTION III. OPTION AS TO PAYMENT.[]

SECTION IV. OPTION AS TO SELECTION.[]

SECTION V. OPTION AS TO INSPECTION.[]

SECTION VI. OPTION FOR DEFECT.[]

SECTION VII. MISREPRESENTATION AND DECEIT.[]

CHAPTER VII. VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF THINGS SOLD AND THE EFFECT THEREOF.[]

SECTION I. TYPES OF SALE.[]

SECTION II. EFFECT OF VARIOUS KINDS OF SALE.[]

SECTION III. SALE BY IMMEDIATE PAYMENT AGAINST FUTURE DELIVERY.[]

SECTION IV. CONTRACT OF MANUFACTURE AND SALE.[]

SECTION V. SALE BY A PERSON SUFFERING FROM A MORTAL SICKNESS.[]

SECTION VI. SALE SUBJECT TO A RIGHT OF REDEMPTION.[]

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